821 



BANDALEER. 



BANDITTI. 



822 



of the patient. The bandage should be put on firmly, so as not to 

 produce pain, but to afford gentle and easy support ; and above all it 

 should never be tight in some parts and loose in others, as by partial 

 compression of a limb mortification is easily produced. The art of 

 bandaging haa been much neglected in this country. In many of the 

 continental schools, particularly in Germany, distinct courses of 

 instruction have long been given on bandages, and students are 

 required to practise their application in the presence of the teacher. 

 At the present time more attention is paid to this subject in the 

 London schools of surgery, but it would be well if a knowledge of the 

 proper way of applying bandages in all cases of injury was required 

 from every candidate for a surgical diploma. 



BANDALEER. [Anns.] 



BANDANAS, or BANDANNAS, a term originally applied to a 

 peculiar kind of silk handkerchief made by the Hindus, is the name 

 now commonly given to silk and cotton handkerchiefs manufactured in 

 this country, and decorated with patterns of similar character, though 

 by a very different process. The distinguishing peculiarity of a 

 bandana handkerchief is that it has a uniformly dyed ground, usually of 

 bright red or blue, ornamented with circular, square, lozenge-shaped, 

 or other simple figures, either white or yellow. These spots are 

 produced, in real Indian bandanas, by tying up the parts intended to be 

 white or yellow with bits of thread before exposing the handkerchief to 

 the action of the dye, and thus protecting them from it. Rude as this 

 process appears, British manufacturers were, owing to the difficulty of 

 imparting a sufficiently durable ground-colour by the ordinary process 

 of calico-printing, unable to imitate Indian bandanas successfully, until 

 a plan was contrived for dyeing the whole surface, and afterwards 

 discharging the colour from the spots forming the pattern by the 

 agency of chlorine. This plan was invented by M. Kcechlin, of Muhl- 

 hausen, in 1810, and has been carried into effect on a large scale at the 

 Barrowfield Dye-works near Glasgow, by Messrs. Monteith and Co., with 

 a degree of perfection far exceeding the original Oriental bandanas. 



The pieces of cotton cloth being dyed of the requisite colour, they 

 are taken to an apartment containing a range of powerful hydraulic 

 dUcnarging-presses, each of which has a roller at the back, to receive 

 the cloth to be operated upon, and another in front, to receive it after 

 the pattern haa been discharged ; the intervening portion of the cloth 

 resting upon the bed-plate of the press, which is about a yard square, 

 or equal in size to a single handkerchief. This bed-plate is formed of 

 lead, perfectly smooth and oven, and is perforated with holes corre- 

 sponding with the white spots of the desired patteni ; and a similar 

 plate, perforated in like manner, is fixed parallel with, but at a short 

 distance above it. Fourteen pieces of dyed cloth, when laid carefully 

 upon one another, are rolled together upon the back roller of the press, 

 and acted upon simultaneously ; and, when their ends are drawn over 

 the bed-plate and secured to the foremost roller, the hydraulic appa- 

 ratus is brought into action, so that the bed-plate, with the fourteen 

 thicknesses of cloth lying upon it, is raised and pressed with immense 

 force against the upper plate, which is firmly fixed in the press. The 

 bleaching-liquid, which is a solution of chloride of lime, is then [toured 

 into a trough connected with the upper plate ; and finding its way 

 through the perforations of the pattern, percolates through the fourteen 

 thicknesses of cloth, and escapes through the perforations of the 

 lower plate, its passage through the cloth being sometimes facilitated 

 by a powerful current of air. The extreme tightness with which the 

 dyed cloth it compressed prevents the action of the bleaching-liquid 

 fri'iii extending beyond the perforations ; and as mechanical contri- 

 vances are adopted to ensure the perfect tallying of the perforations in 

 thrtwo leaden platen, the pattern produced by them is very accurately 

 transferred to the cloth. After allowing a few minutes for the action 

 of the bleaching-liquor, it is drawn off, the pressure is removed, and 

 the portion of cloth which has been operated upon is wound on to the 

 front roller. A second portion is then drawn forward upon the bed- 

 plate, for a repetition of the process. By the use of certain chemical 

 liquids, the discharged spots may be made yellow instead of white ; 

 and >iy such an arrangement of the pattern and of the channels for 

 conducting the discharging fluid as will allow two fluids to be used 

 independently of each other, some parts of the pattern may be made 

 white, and others yellow by one operation. In the establishment 

 above-mentioned there are (or were a few years ago) sixteen presses 

 for the production of bandanas; when these are in full work the 

 period required for the complete discharge of the colour in the first 

 press is equal to that required for bringing the remaining fifteen 

 into action, so that one discharger, with his assistants, can keep 

 the whole in constant operation. The whole routine of operations 

 occupies about ten minutes, so that the sixteen presses (each producing 

 fourteen handkerchiefs at each operation) will produce 22i hand- 

 kerchiefs at each time of working, o'r upwards of 14,000 in a day of ten 

 hours requiring, meanwhile, the services of only four men. 



The fluctuations of fashion have led to the partial disuse of the 

 bandana style of handkerchief within the last few years; but the 

 process remains as valuable as ever, and applicable to a large variety of 

 goods. [BLEACHIHO ; CALICO PRINTING ; DTEISO.] 



BANDES NOIRES. This appellation was first given to a body of 

 German foot-soldiera, who were employed in the Italian wars by 

 Louis XII. of France, who formed a portion of the troops called 

 Grand Companies. Robertaon alludes to them in his 'History of 



Charles V.' (edit. 4to. 1769, vol. i. p. 113.) They received their name 

 from carrying black ensigns after the death of a favourite commander. 

 (Pere Daniel, 'Hist, de la Milice Frai^oise,' 4to. Par. 1721, torn. ii. 

 p. 383.) Another body of troops, formed of Italians, afterwards took 

 the same name from the same cause, Le Bande Nire, or, as Pere Daniel 

 calls them, Lei Bandet Noire* Italiennes, to distinguish them from the 

 Germans. Pere Daniel adds, that the French regiment of Piedmont, 

 which had served for a long while in Italy, also took the appellation of 

 Bandes Noircs, after the death of their colonel, the Comte de Brissac, 

 in 1569. The colours of that regiment, he adds, continued to his time 

 to be black, with a white cross. 



The Grand Companies were foreign mercenaries, iu a great measure 

 raised from the vassalage of Germany, and sold by their lords to 

 whoever could pay for them. It is no wonder that such troops should 

 have been addicted to plunder and even greater atrocities. From 

 France itself they were led into Spain by Du Guesclin, to the support 

 of Henry de Trastamare against Philip the Cruel and the English 

 Black Prince, aud never afterwards figured in that country ; but in 

 Italy they continued to exist for nearly another century. 



BANDITTI. This word, though seldom used by the Italians in our 

 sense, for ' bands of robbers,' is derived from the Italian verb bandire, to 

 banish or put to the ban, whence the participle bandito, banished or out- 

 lawed and the substantive bandito, an outlawed man (plural banditi), or 

 outlawed men. Correctly, therefore, the word should not be bandiMi, but 

 baudifi. The term seems to have been introduced into our language 

 at least as early as the tune of Shakspere ; but whoever first imported 

 it and confined its signification to robbers, departed from the original 

 extensive sense of the word, which means a man banished on any 

 account, as for political delinquencies or opinions, plots, religious 

 notions, partisanship, &e. &c. Thus, after Dante 1 and the Ghibellines 

 were expelled from Florence by the Guelphs, they might be called 

 banditi, though they 'were honourable men, representing a defeated 

 political party or faction, and never robbers. Bembo and other tests 

 di lingua, or classical writers, who form authority on the subject of 

 Italian idiom, employ the term bandili almost exclusively in speaking 

 of political exiles. The great Tuscan dictionary delict Crusca gives 

 tnliatiita the synonym of bandito, and exilio ilamnatut as the Latin for 

 both. In the 'Die. di Firenze,' 1819, the definition is an outlaw, an 

 exile, a highwayman. In the south of Italy, the only part of the 

 peninsula where such lawless associations have existed for many 

 years, the robbers are popularly called briganti, and never, by any 

 chance, banditi. The French, during their long and sanguinary war- 

 fare for the subjugation of Calabria, called by the name of brigands 

 both those who were professional robbers, and those who were parti- 

 sans of the Bourbon King of Naples, Ferdinand, whom the arms of the 

 French had driven out of his continental dominions to Sicily. 



These organised bands of robbers have been fostered in Italy by the 

 mountainous nature of a great part of -the peninsula, by the division 

 of the country into numerous small states, which too often enabled 

 the robbers, by crossing a frontier, to put themselves in safety ; by 

 frequent revolutions, and by weak governments. In modern days, 

 however, their excesses have almost been confined to Lower Italy, the 

 States of the Church, and the kingdom of Naples, and to the islands 

 of Sicily and Sardinia; and regular or numerous bands of robbers 

 have been unknown in Upper Italy, in Lombardy, Piedmont, and 

 Tuscany, for many years. Their principal haunts in recent times have 

 been the country about the frontiers of the Roman and Neapolitan 

 states, from the southern end of the Pontine marshes to the districts 

 of Terracina, Itri, and Pondi ; and the valley of the Ponte di Bovino, a 

 narrow mountain-pass, through which runs the high road from Naples, 

 the capital of the kingdom, to the vast plains of Apulia, aud the rich 

 provinces of Bari, Lecce, and the Terra d'Otranto. In the first of these 

 positions they were beaten up and almost exterminated by the Austrian 

 troops in 1823, and a little later the valley of Bovino was wholly 

 cleared of them. There have been occasionally highway robberies 

 since then ; but organised societies, with their captains, their 

 lieutenants, and chaplains, like those between 1812 and 1823, have not 

 been again formed, except, for a time, during the political agitation of 

 1848. The most remarkable Italian bandit chiefs (if later times were the 

 three brothers Vardarelli, and Don Ciro Anicchiarico. They were all 

 Neapolitans, and the last of them (Don Ciro) a priest, an abbe", aud a 

 man of considerable education, who was accustomed to celebrate mass 

 to his band on solemn occasions, and who quoted Latin and Virgil iu 

 defences that he sent in to the judicial authorities. The history of 

 this priest-robber, who, not contented with being a successful leader 

 of banditti, which he was for many years, put himself at the head of a 

 secret political society, or rather a series of secret societies, that aimed 

 at nothing less than entirely revolutionising the whole of Italy from 

 the extremity of Calabria to the Alps, and establishing a federal 

 republic, is one of the most astonishing authenticated records of 

 modern times. In January 1818 he attempted a revolutionary move- 

 ment, but it was suppressed easily, and he was captured and executed. 



During the Peninsular War, the general insecurity of the country 

 occasioned the formation of numerous bands of brigands ; as they 

 occasionally attacked the French, they endeavoured to cover their 

 crimes under the pretence of being guerillas, but plunder from any 

 party was their main object. With the restoration of order they were 

 suppressed. Neither banditti nor brigands, can exist in a well-regulated, 



