893 



BAR. 



BARBARIAN. 



894 



are also brought for trial to the same place ; and hence the practice of 

 speaking of them as the 'prisoners at the bar.' The term bar is 

 similarly applied in the houses of parliament to the partition which 

 divides from the body of the respective houses a space near the door, 

 beyond which none but the members and clerks are admitted. To 

 these bars witnesses and persons who have been ordered into custody 

 for breaches of privileges are brought ; and counsel stand there when 

 pleading before the respective houses. The Commons go to the bar of 

 the House of Lords to hear the speech of the sovereign at the opening 

 and close of a session. 



BAR, in music, a perpendicular line drawn through the staff [STAFF], 

 dividing a piece of music into certain equal portions or measures, in 

 order to render its execution more easy. The term bar is also applied 

 to the quantity contained in any such portion : thus we say, a bar of two 

 minims, of six quavers, &c. ; an'd a bar in common time, in three-eight 

 time, Ac. Sir John Hawkins remarks, that the use of bars is not to be 

 traced higher than the year 1574, and that it was considerably later before 

 their use became general. He conjectures that we are indebted for 

 their common use to Henry Lawes, who published his ' Dialogues,' &c., 

 in 1653. That laborious historian may be right as relates to this 

 country ; though, with a work lying before us, ' Madrigali e Canzonette, 

 posti in Musica dal R. P. Severo Rimini/ dated Firenze. 1607, in which 

 the bars appear throughout, we cannot bring ourselves to think that 

 nearly half a century elapsed before so obvious an improvement was 

 adopted in England. 



Double Ban mark a conclusion. They are likewise placed at the end 

 of each strain ; and if accompanied by dots, as in the example, they 



indicate that the part next the side on which the dots appear is to be 

 repeated. 



BAR IRON. The relations which bar-iron bears to other forms of 

 the manufactured metal will be described under IRON MANUFACTURE ; 

 but it may be useful in this place to notice the vast extent to which 

 these products of industry are now exported. In the Board of Trade 

 returns, bar, bolt, and rod iron are included in one return. The 

 most important of these items is that of railway bars, with which 

 England supplies a large portion of the world. In the three years 

 ending with 1858, the average quantity of bar, bolt, and rod iron ex- 

 ported amounted to no less than 5,900,000 tons annually; of which 

 1,600,000 tons went to the United States, and 1,100,000 tons to the 

 East Indies. 



BARALIPTON. [SYLLOGISM.] 



BA'RBACAN, or BARBICAN (Barbacdne, Italian ; Barbacane, 

 French), in ancient fortification, was usually a small round tower for 

 the station of an advanced guard, placed just before the outward gate 



Walmgfttr Bar and Barbacan, Tori. From " The History and Antiquities of 

 the Fortifications to the City of York," by Messrs. Lookwood and Cotes, 

 architect*. Lond. 1834. 



of the castle-yard or ballium. (King's ' Sequel to his Obs. on Ancient 

 Castles,' Archseol., vol. vi. p. 308.) Whence Spenser, in the ' Fairy 

 Queen,' b. ii., 



" Within the ttirbacrin a. porter sate, 



Day and night duly keeping watch and ward." 



Grose (' Antiq. of England and Wales,' vol. i. pref. p. 5) calls it the first 

 member of an ancient castle. He says it seems to have had no positive 

 place, except that it was always an outwork. The term is still preserved 

 in the ruins of different castles, as at Framlingham and Canterbury 

 castles ; and a small stone- work covering the gate of Bodiham Castle in 

 Sussex, is still called the barbacan ; and barbacans also remain in 

 tolerable preservation at Carlisle Castle, where the general arrange- 

 ments of a barbacan may perhaps be better studied than anywhere 

 else, and at Scarborough Castle. The two round towers at the angles 

 of the barbacan of York were probably connected by a low breastwork 

 over the gateway. Messrs. Lockwood and Cates consider the whole of 

 the building which projects 56 feet from the gate called Wahngate to be 

 the barbacan. 



In cities or towns the barbacan was a watch-tower or outwork, 

 placed at some important point of the circumvallation ; thus, Lydgate, 

 in his Bdke of Troy, speaks of 



" Barbicans and also bulwerkes huge 

 Afore the town made for high refuge." 



It had sometimes a ditch and drawbridge of its own. (Grose, ' Milit. 

 Antiq.,' vol. ii., p. 2.) The street of London called Barbican received 

 its appellation from its vicinity to a tower of this sort attached to the 

 city-wall : it had been removed when Stow wrote, but some remains of 

 it were visible till the close of the last century. It is in this sense that 

 Ben Jonson uses the term in his Epithalamion (' Works,' vol. vii. p. 5) : 



" That for all-seeing eye 

 Could soon espy 

 What kind of waking man 

 He had so highly set, and iu what barbican." 



Spelman( ' Gloss.' in v.) says barbacan was a term likewise used for a 

 hole in the wall of a city or castle, through which arrows and darts 

 were cast out. It also signified a long narrow opening left in the walls, 

 to drain off the water from a terrace or platform. In process of time 

 it seems to have been applied to any projecting out- work of a building; 

 at least Florio, in his ' Italian Dictionary ' (1598), has " Barbacane, an 

 out-work, or corner standing out of a house, a jettie." 



The etymology of this word is uncertain. Spelman derives it from 

 the Anglo-Saxon burgh-keniny (espiall from the town) ; Junius from 

 bur/i-beacon (as if it meant the signal-tower) ; while Manning, in the Sup- 

 plement to Lye's ' Dictionary,' expressly says that the word barbican 

 is not Saxon, but derived from the Arabic ; first adopted in Italy, and 

 brought to us by the Normans. He says, " Vox ista minime Saxonica : 

 scilicet ab Arabibus primo accersitam, et ab Italia acceptam, ad nos 

 deduxerunt N&rmanni" Whatever may have been its derivation, there 

 can be little doubt it was received by us from the Normans or French. 

 Its supposed Arabic origin is noticed by Dufresne, ' Gloss.' edit. Francof. 

 1681, torn. i. col. 473. 



BARBACANAGIUM, or BARBICANAGE, was money paid to the 

 maintenance of a barbacau or watch-tower, Cart. 17 Edw. III. m. !i, 

 n. 14 ; or a tax levied for the same purpose on certain lands. (Grose, 

 ' Antiq. of Eng. and Wales,' pref. p. 9.) 



BARBARIAN. The Greek term Bdpfapos (barbaros) appears origi- 

 nally to have been applied to language, signifying a mode of speech 

 which was unintelligible to the Greeks ; and it was perhaps an imitative 

 word intended to represent a confused and indistinct sound. In the 

 ' Iliad,' ii. 867, xapls Bap&ap6<p<ai>oi, &c., is rendered by Chapman 



" The rude unlettered Caribso that barbarous were of tongue." 



Barbaras, it will be observed, is formed by a repetition of the same 

 syllable, bar-bar-os. Afterwards, however, when all the races and states 

 of Greek origin obtained a common name, it obtained a general nega- 

 tive sense, and expressed all persons who were not Greeks. (Thueyd. i. 

 3.) At the same time, as the Greeks made much greater advances in 

 civilisation, and were much superior in natural capacity to their neigh- 

 bours, the word in question obtained an accessary sense of inferiority 

 both in cultivation and in native faculty, and thus implied something 

 more than the term {epoV, or foreigner. At first the Romans were 

 included among the barbarians ; and in the time of Plautus the Romans 

 themselves admitted the appellation (Pompeius Festus, lib. ii.), and 

 called themselves barbarians. By degrees they excepted Italy, and at 

 length barbari signified all who were not Romans or Greeks. In the 

 middle ages, after the fall of the Western empire, it was applied to the 

 Teutonic races who overran the countries of western Europe, who did 

 not consider it as a term of reproach, since they adopted it themselves, 

 and used it in their own codes of law as an appellation of the Germans 

 as opposed to the Romans. At a later period it was applied to the 

 Moors, and thus an extensive tract on the north of Africa obtained the 

 name of Barbary. [BARBARY, IN GEOO. Drv.] 



Barbarian, in modern languages, means a person in a low state of 

 civilisation, without any reference to the place of his birth, so that the 

 native of any country might be said to be in a state of barbarism. The 



