RATH. 



HATH. 



icon 



Ant imuoo*. th null cnpok with UM clrpeu*, became afterwards 

 tke nun* for that nut of UM mom far which it was origin*!)* planed, 

 vrvo afur the rupnla hid fallen into dbuM, ponbl* from the discovery 

 of a twttar method of (Mating h room. 



Whore the aiding of UM hntmtomn joined the wiling of the vapour- 

 hath, there WM linmiliMy orr the centre of the van, or lahrutn. a 



! window three feet four inches wide ; and there were two sqnare lateral 

 window* in the ceiling of the vapour-bath, one foot four inches wide, 

 and one foot high, from which the light fell perpendicularly n the 

 lil.niin a* recommended by Vitniviun, "that the shadow* of thone 

 who mirr.niinl.tl it might not be thrown upon the vowel." (Vitruv.) 

 The Inbnim WM a great burin, or round rase of white marble, rather 



Rf prownution of Baths, from the painting! discovered in the Iltthn of Tito*. 



i than fire feet in diameter, into which the hot water bubbled up 

 through a pipe in its centre ; it nerved for the partial ablutions of those 

 who took the vapour-bath. It wan raised about three feet six inches 

 above the level of the pavement, on a round base, built of (mail pieces 

 of stone or lava, stuccoed and coloured. In the Vatican there in a 

 magnificent porphyry labnitn, found in one of the imperial baths ; and 

 Baccius, a great modern authority on baths (see his work ' De Thermis,' 

 Venice, 1588, and Rome, 1622), speaks of labra made of glass. This 

 apartment, like the others, is highly enriched. The hot bath (42) on 

 the plan, occupied the whole end of the room opposite the laconicum 

 ard next to the furnace. It wag four feet four inches long, and one 

 foot eight inches deep, constructed entirely of marble, with only one 

 pipe to introduce the water, and was elevated two steps above the floor, 

 while a single step led down into the bath itself, forming a continuous 

 bench round it for the convenience of the bathers. 



The Romans, who, according to Vitruvius, called their vapour-baths 

 caldaria, or sudationes concamerats, constructed them with suspended 

 or hollow floors, and with hollow walls communicating with the fur- 

 nace, that the smoke and hot air might be spread over a large surface, 

 and readily raise them to the required warmth. The temperature was 

 regulated by the clypeus or bronze shield already described, which 

 acted M a ventilator. 



In the baths of Pompeii, the hollow floors are thus constructed : 

 Upon a floor of cement, made of lime and pounded bricks, were built 

 small brick pillars, nine inches square, and one foot seven inches high, 

 supporting strong tiles, fifteen inches square ; the pavement was laid 

 on these tiles, and incnuted with mosaic. The hollow walls, the void 

 spaces of which communicated with the hollow of the suspended pave- 

 ment, were constructed in the following manner : Upon the walls 

 large square lifts were fastened, by means of iron clamps. These tile* 

 were made in a curious manner; while the clay was moist, some 

 circular instrument was pushed through the tiles, so as to make a 

 hole, at the same time forcing out the clay and forming a hollow pro- 

 jection or pipe, about three inches long, on the inside of the tile : these 

 being made at the four comer*, iron clamps passed through them, and 



;Tr*n<Tcri* Section of the Apodrtrrium.] 



fattened them to the wall. The sides of the apartment* being thus 

 formed, were afterwards carefully stuccoed and painted. The hollow 

 pace hi the wall* of the bath at Pompeii reaches to U,. 



; but the reilin. are not hollow, M in the baths which Vitr.ivius 



wrt. and which ho dMngutabM, for that reason, l,y Mi,- IUM i 



Mamcrato. The ceilings of the apodytcrium, tepidarium, and the 

 IHHRU . . : . . ' 



The women's bath resembles very much that of the men, and differ* 



only in being smaller and leas ornamented : for an account of it. we 

 refer to Dell's ' Pompeii,' the ' Museo Borbonico,' and Pompeii ' pub- 

 lished by the Society for the Diffusion of Kseful Knowledge. 



Vitnivius recommends a situation for baths, which is defended from 

 the north and north-west winds, and he says that the windows should 

 be opposite the south, or, if the nature of the ground will not \ 

 this, at least towards the south, because the hours of bathing among 

 the Romans being from after mid-day till evening, those who bathed 

 could by these windows have the advantage of the rays and the heat 

 of the declining sun. Accordingly the baths just described have the 

 greater part of their windows turned to the south, and are constructed 

 in a low part of the city, where the adjoining buildings served as a 

 protection from the north-west winds. 



The baths at Rome were on a much larger scale. The public baths 

 of Caracalla were 1500 feet in length, and 1250 in breadth : " at each 

 end were two temples, one to Apollo, and another to Esculapius, as the 

 tutelary deities of the place (genii lutelartt), sacred to the improvement 

 of the mind, and the care of the body ; the two other tempi. 

 dedicated to the two protecting divinities of the Antonine family. 

 Hercules and Bacchus. In the principal building were, in the first 

 place, a grand circular vestibule, with four halls on each si.!. 

 cold, tepid, warm, and steam baths ; in the centre was an immense 

 square for exercise, when the weather was unfavourable to it in the 

 open air ; beyond it a great hall, where 1600 marble seats were placed 

 for the convenience of the bathers; at each end of this hall were 

 libraries. This building terminated on both sides in a court surrounded 

 with porticoes, with an odeum for music, and in the middle a spacious 

 basin for swimming. Round this edifice were walks shaded by rows of 

 trees, particularly the plane ; and in its front extended a gymnasium 

 for running, wrestling, Ac., in fine weather. The whole was btnmdad 

 by avast por ng into cxhcdrac or spacious lulls, where the 



poets declaimed, and philosophers gave lectures to their auditors. This 

 immense fabric was adorned, witliin and without, with pillars, stucco- 

 work, paintings, and statues. The stucco and paintings are ;. 

 many places perceptible. Pillars have been dug up, and soin 

 remain amidst the ruin; while the Farnesian bull and the famous 

 Hercules, found in one of these halls, announce the multiplicity and 

 beauty of the statues which once adorned the Thermas of Caracalla," 

 (Eustace's ' Classical Tour,' vol. i. p. 226.) For an account of the baths 

 f Titus and Diocletian, see the same author. 



On entering these baths the bathers first proceeded to undress. 

 They next went to the ekrothesium (the oil-chamber), as it was called 

 in Greek, or unctuarium, where they anointed themnclves all over with 

 a coarse cheap oil before they began their cxcrcwe. (Plin. xv. o. 4 ft 7.) 

 Here the finer odoriferous ointments which were used on coming out 

 of the bath were also kept (Plin. 1. ii. ' KpisV 41), and the room was 

 so situated as to receive a considerable degree of heat. This chamber 

 of perfumes was full of pots, like an apothecary'" t-hop ; ami those who 

 wished to anoint and perfume the body received perfumes ami un- 

 guents. In the representation of a Roman bath, copied from a painting 

 on a wall forming ]rt of the Baths of Titus, the unctuarium, called 

 also eUeotheaiuin, appears filled with a vast numlx-r of vases. The 

 vases contained a great variety of perfumes and balsams. M'h.n 

 anointed, the bathera passed into the tphnrbterium, a very light and 

 extensive apartment, in which were performed the various kinds ot 

 exercises to win. h this part of the baths was appropriated. (Plin. lib. i, 

 lul.) When its situation (wrmitted, this apartimmt was ex- 

 posed to the afternoon HUM. otherwise it was supplied with heat from 

 the furnace. <I'lin. 1. 11. ' Episf 41.) After the exercise, tin 

 to ih. adjoining warm-bath, wherein they sat and washed themselves. 



