Vv WOODS AND FIELDS 177 
added, first the power of redundance, the 
mere quantity of foliage visible in the folds 
and on the promontories of a single Alp 
being greater than that of an entire lowland 
landscape (unless a view from some Cathedral 
tower); and to this charm of redundance, that 
of clearer visibility — tree after tree being con- 
stantly shown in successive height, one behind 
another, instead of the mere tops and flanks 
of masses as in the plains; and the forms of 
multitudes of them continually defined against 
the clear sky, near and above, or against 
white clouds entangled among their branches, 
instead of being confused in dimness of 
distance.” * 
There is much that is interesting in the 
relations of one species to another. Many 
plants are parasitic upon others. The foliage 
of the Beech is so thick that scarcely anything 
will grow under it, except those spring plants, 
such as the Anemone and the Wood Butter- 
cup or Goldilocks, which flower early before 
the Beech is in leaf. 
There are other cases in which the reason 
1 Ruskin. 
N 
