ACHARn. FRArICOIS*!HARLF..S. 



Auriih sf Tabsij 

 Ittl Itet. U entirely i 

 .Mr-.naj-: tW b*ter 



trsashti < by Ka 



i wi* only th. 



(Qreirewmld. 

 part of Abu- 



er the history *f tb* e*qoe.t. of Irak 

 A hicbly biter**tfasf account of 

 UtiT*l AW, from th. Arabia 

 be load to Ookley's -Hlrtory of tb* 



AUrLFARAtJICS (properly JTr Onyenw AMfmj, also called 

 wsWMv AvAtAvw)i wo MI oritobU writer of maeh cl*brltT, who 



iWt^thelMtsataryofoareca. Hs was bora in ISM, at btalatia, 

 srsMtt*. a town iltosl linear tb* western bank of tb* Euphrates in 

 Lsanr Asia, where bis mtbtr. Aaron, followed tb* profession of a 

 byesesea, TLo^ tbe oaVpriac of a Jewish bmily, he embraced the 

 Sill II I bdssltowbisb, aotwTtbstandiag a *urmiM to tb* contrary, 

 b* eeatismd ttHbf ol till hi* death. AbuUarej studied theology, phllo- 

 eoby.sirfmiiH.hii, R* speat tb* gre***r part of hi* Web Syria, 

 At tb. early at* of tweoty b* was appointed bishop of Ouba. and 

 isjiiisasstly sf AWppo. b 1M4 b* was elected Primate of all the 

 J*abs* CJilitJini b tbe East. He died U Meragha in Aserbijan, 

 I.1IML 



Ahsbaraj was tbe aothor of a greet number of Arabic and Syriac 

 Mrfca, tmt Ib* composition through which bis name ha* become best 



BseshA^SHK *aukA ** *- si eoebleB^SBshKl Ik^ssVassaa) earwlM^M !* flwlsu* Kt ri* 



BssWB ssstPPff O> BOITT/f^sssI DIBVOsTTf WmND IB OJTUwO* UU WWD** 



btted by tb* autbor llsinlf into Arabic, to which be has given the 



UUsef Hirtoryoftbo DynsHisa.' It is divided into ten Mctions 

 tbslntof which lira son* account of tb* patriarch. ; the eecond. 



rftb* 



the jodge.; and the third, of the 



! 



errors are observable, into which 

 ntlleo through his ignorance of the classical language* 

 Thoogh written by a Christian, thi* work i* held in 

 Jew* and Mohammedans in the East. To u* it* 

 in the curious details which it contains con- 



nsmhsf. tb* history of science among tb* Arab*, particularly nnder 

 tb* tbr<* Abbssid* kali*. Mmnsnr, Harun-al-Rashid, and Mamun. An 

 edMoo of tb* Arabia text of tb* Dynasties,' accompanied with a 

 Latin tramlatioo. was pubUsbed by Edward Pococke, at Oxford, in 

 IMS. 4to. ; tb* Syriac text, likewise with a Latin version, was edited 

 by Brans and Kincb, at Leipxig. hi 1789 4to. 



ABUL-KAZU soo of ttb.ikb Mobsrik, was the vuir of the 

 ulitrssii Mogul emperor Akbar, who reigned from A.R 1555 to 

 106. b 1401, when returning from an expedition to the Oeoean, he 

 WM murdered in tb* district of Nurwar by banditti, and, it was sus- 

 peeted. bv tb* contrivance of Akbar's son Selim. who arWwards 

 ssisiisilid U* father on the throne, nnder th* name of Jehangir. 

 Tbe extensive sad valuable work* which Abul-Faxl found leisure to 

 write, have bwnrsd him a ooespieaous pUoe among th* bast authors, 

 ; tbe most enlightened 



statesmen, of the East Hi* 



prbMipal work Is tb* Akbar-S ameb,' which *xi*te a* yet only in 



sasmssript. sad oootain* history of tb* reign of th* sovereign 

 bom be served, sod to whom be was most devotedly attached ; thi* 

 Ustory Abul-Fast carried down till very near tbe time of his own 

 death, sod it was afterward* continued by Sheikh Enaietullah in a 

 Mill * !, entitled Takmueb-l-Akbar-Nameh.' Bat the work 

 wbkh bas toost *oa*rlbuted to make his name f.miliar to us ls the 

 Ayavi-Akbari,' or lostrtates of Akbar, a statistical and political 

 lliH|ilii of Ib* Mogul empire, sad of tb* several branches of 

 !* a Mead to theoppr.^ Hindoos. 



in tb* Bast oa 



style, I* tb* Ay*r i-Dwrf*.' or Touchstone of Intellect, a 

 Arabic of tb* well known fabla. of 



id to bold tbst dignity *v*a after tb. E 

 Jddhvlbek, bad bvl^ art an eod to tb. 



Jrria and Egypt. AomUrda was bora in 1 



bU Camilybsd lad Wfor. tb* MojoU, who tbsn 



"susr*** r v u * 1 ^ 



bsaBas.l.ooe.seBtasamb**. 



tb* Ayu- 



; - : , 



. 



(IM)bs 



of Hamah, on an expedition again*! the Mogols. After the death of 

 Modhaffar. in 12IW, the Bahrito lulUn Naitir declared the fief which 

 the Ayubit** bald under him to hare become extinct, and aatigned a 

 email penaion for their maintenance. When however, ten years after- 

 ward*, Sulten Nasir became personally acquainted with Abulfeda, he 

 not only reetored to him (1310) the former dignity of his family, but 

 aooo after, u an acknowledgement for hii aerrioe*, raUed him to the 

 rank of malik, or king. In 1316 Abulfeda was obliged to give up the 

 town of Maarrah and It* territory to the Arab Emir Mohammed-Ben- 

 lea, who demanded this boon as a reward fur bis defection from the 

 MogoU ; but he retained Barin and Haraah, and with his troops often 

 rendered military eervioel to Sultan Nasir. He continued on the most 

 friendly terms with Nasir till he died in 1331. The numerous works 

 which he has left behind attest the extent and variety of his informa- 

 tion. Among them we find mentioned works on medicine, Mohammedan 

 jurisprudence, mathematics, and philosophy : those most commonly 

 known are a treatise on geography, entitled ' Takwim-al-boldnn,' or 

 'Disposition of the Countries;' and an historical work called 'Hukhtaaar 

 fl akhbaral-baabar,' that is, ' A Compendium of the History of Mankind.' 

 The geographical treatise consist* of an introduction and twenty-eight 

 sections on particular countries, each containing, first, a tabl-, showing 

 the latitudes and longitudes of the most remarkable places, and after- 

 ward* detailed statistical and topographical notices respecting them. 

 In the description of such places as he had not seen himself, he takes 

 care to name the authorities from whom he draws his information. 

 The descriptions of single countries have been edited by Qraviua, 

 Reiske, Rommel, Koehler, Michaelia, and other*. The historical work 

 U a chronicle after the usual comprehensive plan of oriental works of 

 this kind. It* main object U the history of Mohammed, and of the 

 Arabian empire, which it carries down as far as the year 1328. The 

 earlier centuries of the Mohammedan power are but briefly treated. 

 Farther on the narrative become* fuller and richer in interesting details. 

 For the history of the Crusade* it is one of the most important oriental 

 source* which we possum, The latter part of the work, or the history 

 of Mohammedanism, was translated by Reiske, and edited with the 

 Arabic text by Adler, at Copenhagen, in five volume*, 4 to, 1739-17'.') ; 

 an edition and translation of the ante-Islamitic part has been published 

 by Fleischer, Leipzig, 1831, 4 to. 



AHYDE'NUS (' Affutrirti), a Greek historian who wrote a history of 



Assyria ('Airmfxamt), of which some fragment* are preserved by Kusc- 

 bius, Cyrillus, SynoaUus, and Moses of Chorene. His work was valuable 

 for chronology, and a fragment found in the Armenian translation of 

 the Chronioon of Enaebiua settles some difficulties in Assyrian history. 

 The time at which he lived i* not certain ; he mult however belong to 

 a later period than IlcitMns, one of hi* authorities, who lived about 

 B.C. 440. The fragments of his history are collected in Scaliger's work, 

 ' De Kmendationa Tempo rum,' and more completely in J. D. O. Richter, 

 'Berod Chaldsei Historic qua lupersunt,' Ac., Leipzig, 1326, 8vo, p. 

 S3, Ac., and p. 85, Ac. 



ACHARD, FRANCOIS-CHARLES, a chemist and experimental 

 philosopher, supposed to have been of French extraction, was born at 

 Berlin in 1763 or 1764, and died in 1821. He was the author of various 

 work*, written in the German language, on experimental physics, 

 chemistry, ami agriculture ; and he was long an active contributor to 

 different scientific journals, particularly the ' Memoirs ' of the Academy 

 of Berlin. In 1780 he published at Berlin a work entitled ' Chymisch- 

 Phyi*cbe Schriften,' which contains a great number of experiments 

 utrthe subject of the adhesion of different bodies to each other. Tables 

 containing the result* of three experiments, which seem to have been 

 conducted with great care, may b* seen in the ' Encyclopedic Metho- 

 diqne (ChlmieV torn, i., p. 469. 



Acliard it however chiefly known for his proposal to extract sugar 

 from beet-root. Another I'russian chemist, Margraff, had discovered 

 the existence of a certain portion of sugar in this root a* early as 1 747. 

 He communicated his discovery to the Scientific Society at Berlin ; 

 but he himself thought it of little practical importance, as he declared 

 he could not produce sugar nnder 100 francs the pound. Achard, who 

 in this particular appears to have been somewhat of a visionary, on the 

 contrary, described the beet-root a* " one of the most bountiful gift* 

 whieh the divine munificence had awarded to man upon the earth." 

 He affirmed that not only sugar could be produced from beet-root, but 

 tobacco, m<ilsssi, coffee, rum, arrack, vinegar, and beer. The Institute 

 of Paris, in 1 800, gave Achard the honour of a vote of thank* ; but after 

 aeries of careful experiments they reported that the renulU were so 

 nnsattsfsetory, thai U would be unwise to establish any manufacture 

 of sugar from beet-root. But Napoleon I. In 1612 succeeded in forming 

 an imperial manufactory of sugar at lUmbonillet, when his decree* 

 bad deprived France of the produce of the West Indie*. The sugar 

 made at bom* was sold at a great price ; and consequently, after the 

 pemos, when foreign sugar was once more introduced, ite cheapness put 

 an and to the beet-root establishment*. The government of France 

 bow*r*r cboee to levy high duties upon the sugars of English colonies 

 to protect thoM of Martinique, Quadalonpe, and Bourbon ; and the 

 tax upon English colonial sugar, being 6 francs the 100 kilogramme*, 

 or about half a franc per pound, amounted to a prohibition. Tho 

 beetroot manufacture therefore was revived, and, with some fluetii- 

 has continued to increase. The aamo duty is now levied upon 

 igmr M upon French colonial sugar, but the consumption of 



