ADAM. ALEXANDER, LUD. 



ADAM, ROBERT. 



**ta**r>of 



or Uu tan shrill raraitirr. Mr 4 BM*ld**A*oa Cain 

 d soTWAbrf. and hi. third Ma, or Shath, 

 b* was 130yanold. H* k also stated to lure 

 an not givso. H. dUd 

 to UM commonly received 

 hrist Man: 



as? 



of Christ 



iad kU* qasMfeM raj***, by UMnbbinieal writer. 

 iBBliiiilliu Adan. for which UMW i no warrant whatever 

 . Th* reader who may be etiriooi to B** om* of tbeae 



D***1U1T pVsTVQiB. OW v *JV 



Bol*noa.' T. 10. Acconling to Ladol 

 MM ' beautiful, e*>nC *.; deoot 

 of God. la the N*w Te*tam*at UM 



. 



th* articte. in BayU. and in Calm*t's Dictionary of tb. 

 TawordAd*ia*saVtob*id.'BBdKfa*iippo**d thatin 

 to UM Hg-i^H^. of this Hbr*w verb, tbo earth out of 

 which Adam was mad* was called Aduwli ; ' while othen think tint 

 UM MOM Adaa ' wn'^ff* an allueioo to Ura reddiah oolonr of a 

 healthy asnoa. Be* th* a*s of the word 'adorn ' in the ' Song of 

 ' LodoJf. 'Adamah, 1 in the Ethiopic. 

 I mat to be the chief work 

 ipresaion* the last Adam," 



UM aacoad OMB," are UM! to dsaignal* oar Saviour, M the head of 

 tb* aew creation. ia UM kingdom of heaven. 



ADAM. ALEXANDER, LUD., an eminent teacher of Latin, who 

 WM bora in Jun. 1741, at CoaU of Burjrie, in the pariah of Rafford, 

 Manrahir*. Scotland. Baring acquired the ordinary knowledge of 

 Latin in Ib* parish school, b* prooraded to Aberdeen, in the hope of 

 irtrt-tntng one of UM bursari** which are open for annual competition 

 at King* CoUtg*. Dsmppolntod in thu expectation, he enterrd him- 

 aalf at UM r Diversity of Edinburgh in UM winter of 17S8. His 

 cVsaoaHis* and privation* while attending collrge were very great ; 

 hut although sometime* reduced to cncb destitution as not to know 

 wberr to obtain a mouthful of bread, be manfully persevered till lie 

 gained tb* reputation of bain? on* of the beat scholars in the Uni- 

 wrstty. His merits wan at length rewarded by hi* appointment, in 

 171, to the offlce of one of the toaebera in Watoon'a Hospital, an 

 invitation in Edinburgh for the education and rappoH of the sons of 

 deoaved I in sans*. In 1767 be wa* eboaan assistant to the Rector of 

 UM High School, tb* chief daadcal aeminary of the city. In 1771, 

 OB tb* death of UM Rector, Adam waa elected by the magistrate* aa 

 hat auoc*aior ; and in thU honourable port be remained throughout 

 th* reet of bu life. The Ant yean of bis rectorship however were 

 aooMwbat atonuy. In 1772 lie publuhed a little work entitled, ' The 

 riiBnlBsai of Latin and English Grammar,' and introduced it into the 

 aebool a* a aubatHuU for ' Koddimaa'i Grammar.' The four under- 

 Msten raaiatod thia innoration, and, after repeated applications to 

 UM ihs^Miata*. aa natron* of the school, obtained, in 1786, a prohibi- 

 tion again** tb* Rector's book. It baa nevertheless gone through 

 atraral +ilrH"Dt 1 and has been to aome extent used in the other school* 

 of ftmillaml Dr. Adam alao publuhed the following works : In 

 1791 a volume entitled ' Roman Antiquitiea,' which has gone through 

 rvrral edition*, and been traaalatod into Gorman, French, and Italian ; 

 hi 17t. a 'Summary of Geography and History,' also several times 

 reprinted; in 1 SOO, a Dictionary of CUasloal Biography ; and.inlSOS, 

 Latin Dictionary. under th* Utt* of 'Lexicon Lingual Latins) Com- 

 pendJarfam,' bates; aa abridgment of a larger work on which be bad 

 bean toot iBias.il A awoad edition of this Urt baa been published 

 aim the Bothers death, with vary considerable alterations, both in 

 Ih* way of addition and of curtailment Both this dictionary and 

 the ' Eoasaa Antiqviti**' era much used in th* achools of Scotland. 

 Ho penoa UUof B public situation waa more universally respected 

 awl isliMiii to Scotland than Dr. Adam in his Utter days. Hi* 

 ahswartaf waa on* of great manliness ; so much so, aa to make biui 

 BSSBsMimi perhaps htdfaerwtiy bold in to* xpreeaion of whatever be 

 Wl His political opinion. wan of a atrongly liberal complexion; 

 Bad b* ha* has* acooasd of not acrnpling sometime* to give them 

 *a with soasHanlli sotphaasa in UM praence of hi* claas. But 

 I wa th* general regard felt for him. that this charge, which, 



by bis 



._ Of hi* life was puMiab*d in 8vo. in 1810. 



Of UM foot work* jo* ecmnMrsted, UM moat valuable and the beat 

 la UM lrnls.1 oa Roman Antiquities. Few book* in so small 

 BO lama a maa* of turful information ; and the 



BBS*. 14 M " - - 



work, baa 

 toBM of th* R 



itUoblcbnnyptaof 

 to th* enVta C/UBM in changing tb* 



anal an*, be hs* often ao arranged UM pasaage* 

 atracUd by him frooj Tatte authors oa tbia enbject, M sottnly to 

 both biasaalf aad hi* reader. Mom. orreotioea aad many 

 i an noaind w the tswtioa oa UM Roman y**r, particularly 

 tWttoaav1od*DtiertoUJ<lMaeonet.<io. No llul* caution .bould 

 ha ohswnd la r-diag th* na*rlu oa Roman money, a .object of 

 v.ta whioh U I* oftea awrspradeat to bei 



^Mcsal diSeHy, t, whash to U often faor* pro*at to beMtisM 

 with spuraBii^ th*a to adopt UM ordiaary trpr*tatiooa. Th* 

 mhM *ad aaax. of th* Kooea coin* wan ooaeUatly cbaaginx, and 

 .hi. aa4.mlHii.Hly. tMsta, UM Buaa.tc*! oototioa *m P V'1 by 

 Ih* IfaNaaa* i* parUeuiuly UaM* to comnrfioa in tb* BMnuncripU: 



and, *v*n where the text is not corrupted, the interpretation is un- 

 certain. With all these drawbacks, the work is of great value to 

 all who read the history or the literature of Rome, and does great 

 credit to Dr. Adam. It ought not to detract from his reputation 

 that be has not anticipated the important discoveries made by the 

 German* since he wrote. 



The treat! v on classical biography is intended chiefly for the illus- 

 tration of Roman history. It deserves a much more extensive circu- 

 lation than we believe it possess** in England. We may say the same 

 of Dr. Adam's Latin dictionary, notwithstanding its inconvenient 

 arrangement, which often neglects the alphabetical order to bring 

 together words etymologically connected. The summary of history 

 and geography, published by Dr. Adam, has in parts great merit, but 

 it aim* at much more than can be fairly executed within the limits. 

 We need only aay that it professes to give, 1st, A summary of all 

 history, ancient and modern, Grecian, Roman, Persian, English, French, 

 German, Indian, American, &c. &c., with the manners and customs of 

 these nations; 2ndly, the mythology of the Greeks; 3rdly, the 

 geography of all ages and all countries, not excluding even the local 

 situations of remarkable cities ; 4thly, an account of the progress of 

 astronomy and geography, from the earliest periods to the present 

 time, with a brief account of the planetary system. Not satis&ed 

 with all this, the publishers have added an extensive index of geography, 

 and 13 maps of little value. When we look at ail that Dr. Adam 

 did, we can fairly aay, that no writer in the British 1 -lauds has ever 

 done more to assist the young student of Latin, or, what is perhaps 

 still more important, to connect that study with the attainment of 

 general knowledge. 



ADAH, JAMES, an architect, who is chiefly known as the partner 

 and associate of his brother Robert, the subject of the following 

 article. He died in 1704. 



ADAM, ROBERT, was born at Kirkaldy, in Kifeshire, according to 

 some authorities, and, according to others, at Edinburgh, in the year 

 1728, and wns the son of William Adam, Esq., of Maryburgh, near 

 Kirkaldy, who is said to have furnished the designs for Hopetoun 

 House and the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh ; but whether be wns 

 himself professionally an architect or not does not appear. Robert 

 received his literary education at the University of Edinburgh; and, 

 from hi* father, William Adam, it seems most likely that be derived 

 instruction in the principles and practice of his future profession. 



When be was in his 26th year Mr. R. Adam went to Italy, and 

 remained there several years. His contemporaries, James Stuart and 

 Nicholas Revett, were, at the time of Adam's residence in Italy, en- 

 gaged in exploring, and preparing for publication, the architectural 

 remains of Athens ; but so little was Grecian architecture known and 

 appreciated, that he went, instead, to Spalatro in Ualmatia, to measure 

 and delineate the ruins of the palace of Diocletian there, a structure 

 indicating alike the decline of civilisation and the progress of bar- 

 barism. In this tour he was accompanied by Cldrisseau, a French 

 architect, whose name is connected with a work on the remains of 

 a Roman temple at Nisuies, in Languedoc. Mr. Adsm returned from 

 the continent about the year 1762, and settled in London, and shortly 

 after published there, in a large folio volume, engraved representations 

 and descriptions, with attempted restorations, of the Dalmatian palace. 



About the same time, 1763-4, Mr.. It Adam was appointed architect 

 to the king. In the course of a very few years he designed, and, in 

 conjunction with his brother James, executed a great many public 

 and private buildings in England and in Scotland. In 17T3 the 

 brothers commenced the publication of their works, in large folio 

 engravings, with letter-press descriptions and critical and explanatory 

 notes, in numbers, which were continued at intervals down to 1778. 

 The principal designs included in these are, the screen fronting the 

 high road, and the extensive internal alterations of Sion House, a seat 

 of the Duke of Northumberland, near Brentford in Middlesex ; Lord 

 Mansfield'* mansion at Caen- Wood, or Kenwood, also in Middlesex ; 

 Luton House, in Bedfordshire, erected for Lord Bute ; the screen to 

 the Admiralty Office, London ; the Register Office, Edinburgh ; Shel- 

 burne House, now Lansdowne House, Berkeley-square, London ; the 

 parish church of Mlatley in Essex, *c. ftc. At a later period the Messrs. 

 Adam designed the Infirmary at Glasgow, and some extensive new 

 buildings in the Univenity of Edinburgh, though their practice, after 

 th* year 1780, lay principally in London, where a great many of their 

 production* still exist, and are easily recognised by any one accustomed 

 to discriminate architectural deign. Portland, Stratford, and Hamil- 

 ton Place*, tb* south and east sides of FiUroy-square, and the build- 

 ing* of th* Adelphi, are the most extensive of their works. Their 

 Interest in, aad connection with, thia last-mentioned expensive under- 

 taking, U intimated by th* name Adelphi, which is the Greek term 

 for brother*. 1 The Meeers. Adam were among the first, if they were 

 not themselves tbo very first, to make use in London of a stucco iu 

 imitation of stone, for external architectural decorations. 



The style of architecture introduced by the Messrs. Adam was 

 peculiar to themwlvea, and very faulty ; but then is nevertheless 

 an air of prettinesa, and some good taste in it ; and the credit may 

 certainly be claimed for ite authors of having done much to improve 

 tb* strict architecture of London, for which species of composition 

 their tyl* waa betUr adapted than for detached and insulated 

 tructar**. 



