ADRIAN 



I ! Ueaaea aUerea 

 TW tyriaa easatsl. to hmmt bis tsie 



Walls **>! Aaeais fresa Us asilvt 'rotk 

 lsap.nO. lo Ike sse, sejposed with blood 



Panelse Lest,' L 441. 



*u> ypmasPiaon hu been obecrred by modern travellers, aad is 

 attributed to the rain*, which brine; a quantity of red earth into the 

 stream. (See MaundreUi 'Travel*.') Thia, which probably is the 

 true solution, WM sugeeted even in the time of Luciau ( De Dea 



--, :.;,. 



At': ope, born at Rome, MOO*M BttttMO IIL in 772. 



Like hie tic*Jlo*nir. be had to .truggl* against the power of the 

 invaded tlie Exarchate and other provinces 

 on the Roman lee. Devastat- 

 rbiuo, and other cities, they 

 r, and threatened Home with 



Doekisriu*, king of the Longobard*, bad taken under 

 the two woe of Carioman, the deceased brother of 

 and be wiabed Adrian to consecrate them ai king* of 

 the Franks, in opposition to their uncle. Adrian refiued to do this, 

 and hence aroee the bitter enmity of Donderius. Adrian applied to 

 The king of the Krmnk. croeeod the Alpe 



b4owd by Pepin. kinf of the Frank*, on 

 ing with fire tod .word Siuigaglia. Urb 

 advanced a far a. Otriooli, oo the liber, 



by the way of Sow, defeated Deaidenua, and orwthrew the kingdom 

 of the Loofobarda in Italy, in 771. Charlemagne then went to Rome, 

 where be arrired on Beater ere, and wai reotirod by Adrian with 

 great honour*. They repaired together to the lUailica of SL Peter, 

 where Adrian acknowledged Cbarlee ai king of Italy, and ' Patrician 

 of BOOM,' and the latter renewed the grant of the province* bestowed 

 on the Boman eee by Pepin. Charlemagne paid another visit to 

 Adrian at Rome in 787 when hit ton Pepin wai christened by the 

 Pope. In 787 the seventh general council of the church wai held at 

 NioBa, in Bithynia, where Adrian cent hi* legatee, and in which the 

 worship of image* wu confirmed, and the Tconoclatta were excom- 

 In 791 



municated. 



there WM a dreadful inundation at Rome cauiod 



by the overflowing of the Tiber, and Adrian exerted himself in 

 upplying the inhabitanU with provuion*. by meant of boat*, which 

 plied to the Tarioui parte of the city. He also rebuilt the wall, and 

 tower* of Rome, and wae liberal to the poor. He died aft-T a long 

 pontificate of nearly 24 yean, on Christmas-dsy, 795. Charlemagne 

 wa* much grieved at the new* of hi* death, and wrote his epitaph in 

 Latin versa*, in which he affectionately call* him ' father.' Adrian 

 wai a man of talent and dexterity. Under him Rome began to 

 breathe again after the continual alarmi caused by the Longobards, the 

 he* of the barbarian invader* of the Weatern Empire. (See ' Anuta- 

 eiae' In Muratori Ktnm Ilalicarnm Scriptortt, torn, iii.) 



ADRIAN II., bora at Rome, succeeded Nicholai I. in the papal 

 chair, fan M7. He bad been married, and had a daughter by hi* wife 

 Besiinaiiii, from whom be afterward* aeparated in order to lire in 

 celibacy. After hi* election, hi* wife and daughter continued to lire 

 at Rome in a **paraU home, when an unprincipled man, called 

 Eleathenu*, carried off the girl by violence, and on the pontiff re- 

 taking bi* child, forced hi* way into the houee and murdered both 

 other and daughter. The murderer wa* tried and aenteuced to 



death by the imperial 



JiJiMeaii at Rone. It waa during Adrian'* pontificate that Photius, 



Den, who still exerclaed the high 

 g Adrian'* pontificate that Photius, 

 of Constantinople, withdrew from the Church of Rome, 

 ninf the schism between the Greek and Latin churches, 

 which continue, to tail day. Adrian died in 872, and wu luooeeded 

 by John VIII. 



ADRI A N 1 1 L, born at Borne, luooeoded Marinua in 884, and died 

 the following year on hi* journey to attend the imperial diet at 

 Worn, after a pontificate of only fifteen months. 

 ADRIAN IV, an Englishman, whose name wu Nicholas Break- 

 Needed AnaMasiuj IV, in 11J4. He had been a monk, and 

 'atep of Alb.no by Eoftniu* III., who *ent him u hi* 



then in a 



t" ' **? ** tb " D *"** to D"""* "d Norway. On hi* 

 be WM eteoted Pope much against hi* inclination. Rome wu 



then in a very disturbed * 

 dMpteof Aoekrd,bed DM 

 early a* I1J9. bat bring dn 

 bed taken refoge at Zurleh. 

 RoeMn people, who had revc 



against hk 



dUturbed" etate. Arnaldo of Brescia, a monk and a 

 begun to preach a reform in the church u 

 dnven out of Rome by Pope Innocent II., 

 wfc.jertZ.ir.eli. In 1143 however he wJTeealled by the 

 people, who had revolted against Innocent, and had proclaimed 

 - republic, which Amaldo contributed to constitute. Several 

 Popes, CeUetin IL, Lucius IL, and Bugoniu. III. kept up a 

 *to*1*na* ifmlnit thU popular reformer. Luciu. in 

 WM petted with itooea, and died of the Injury received. 

 aeoiua, WM obliged to leave Rome and retire into 

 confusion that prevailed in Uu city, the popu- 

 afterward* polled down the house* of many 



interdict oa 



, end cat^d all religioui Mrvion to 

 Ud the dUM to banlah Amaldo, who took 

 beroM of Campanle; and Adrian then came to 



reaide in the LaUran palace. Frederic of Hohen*tauOu, known in 

 Italian hiatory by the name of Barbaroaia, bad lately been elected 

 emperor by the German Diet, and wai on bii way to Rome to be 

 crowned. The Pope'* legate* met him on the road, and among other 

 remonttnaeea, requested that the heretic Arnaldo should be givcu up 

 by the Viaoount of Campania, in order to be tried. Frederic axented 

 to thia, and ieroed order, in oonaequenoe ; other* *ay that Cardinal 

 Gerard took Arnaldo priaoner, alter an obetinate reautauce. He wu 

 brought to Rome, and delivered to the prefect of the city, by whoee 



WM hanged, hi* body burnt, and the aihe* scattered to 

 the wind*, in the year 1155. Meantime Frederic approached Rome 

 with hi* army, and Adrian went to meet him near Sutri, where, on 

 the latter diunounttog, Frederic refused to hold hi* stirrup, a ceremony 

 on which the pope* alwayi inatsted, u a mark of reapect for tbcir 

 spiritual supremacy. The Pope, ou hi* aide, refused to aalute the 

 Kinperor with the 'kin of peace,' upon which the cardinal* were 

 terrified and ran away to Civitiv Cutellana. The queition of the 

 ceremonial wu debated for two daya, when Frederic, having aaoer- 

 tained that iuch had been the practice with hi* predecessor*, agreed 

 to conform to it They met, therefore, again at Nepi, and Frederic 

 having held the itirrup, Adrian gave him the ' oaculum p ici%' and 

 both proceeded toward* Rome. Frederic with hi* aruiy took posses- 

 sion of the Leonine city on the north bank of the Tiber, and of St. 

 Peter'* church, where he wu crowned by the Pope on tlio following 

 day. The Roman* took no part in the ceremony, but after having 

 held a council in the Capitol, tallied out and attacked the German 

 soldiers unaware*. A general battle took place, and continued with 

 great slaughter on both sides, till night separated the combatant*. 

 The city continuing in a disturbed state, both the Pope and Emperor 

 withdrew to Tivoli, whence Frederic returned toward* Lombanly. 

 Adrian went afterward* to Benevento, where he made peace with 

 William L, king of Sicily, whom he ha I excommunicated ; and upon 

 their reconciliation he agreed to give him the inveetiture of .Sicily, 

 Calabria, and Apulia, in 1156, on condition of the latter paying a 

 yearly tribute to the see of Rome. The Pope returned loaded with 

 rich present* of silk*, gold, and silver, and passing through Rome, 

 went to reside at Orvieto, which wu subject to the Roman aee, 

 Frederic now complained that the Pope had violated his faith, by 

 receiving ambassador* and entering into treaties with the King of 

 Sicily and the Greek Emperor, without hi* participation. Ue also 

 resented the pretensions of the Pope and hi* legates, who seemed to 

 assume that the imperial crown wu granted as a btneficium, or fee of 

 the see of Rome. Adrian, on hi* part, complained of the exaction* of 

 the imperial commissioner* who were lent to administer justice at 

 Rome without hi* participation ; he maintained that the patrimony 

 of the church should be exempt from paying foderum, or feudal 

 tribute to the Emperor ; and, lastly, he claimed the restitution of the 

 lands and revenues of Countess Matilda, of the duchy of Spoloti, and 

 even of Corsica and Sardinia. Thua arose that spirit of bitter 

 hostility between the popes and tho house of Hohenntauffen, which 

 lasted until the utter extinction of the latter. Adrian died in tho 

 beginning of September, 1159, in tho town of Anagni, and was suc- 

 ceeded by Alexander III. From the above (ketch it may be seen that 

 Adrian IV. stretched the papal prerogative* as for a* any f his 

 predecessor* had done, Gregory VII. not exempted. (See Floury, 

 llittove SccUtiaitiquc, and liaumer, Gttchichte der Hoherutau/en vnd 

 litre > 2 tit.) 



ADRIAN V., a Genoese, succeeded Innocent in 1276, and died five 

 weeks after his election. He wu succeeded by John \ X . 



ADRIAN VI., born at Utrecht in the Netherlands, of an obscure 

 family, advanced himself by hi* talenta to the post of vice-chancellor 

 of the University of Louvain. The Emperor Maximilian chose him 

 u preceptor to his grandson, afterward! Charles V. Ferdinand of 

 Spain gave him the bishopric of Tortoso. After Ferdinand's death 

 he waa co-regent of Spain with Cardinal Ximenes. He was elected 

 pope in 1522, after the death of Leo X., chiefly through the influence 

 of Charles V. whose authority wu then spreading over Italy. Adri-m 

 endeavoured to reform the numerous abuse* of the court and clergy 

 of Rome, practised a severe economy, and lived frugally, lly so doing 

 be displeased the Romans, who had been accustomed to the luxury 

 and prodigality of Leo; and when he died, in September, 1523, after 

 a *hort pontificate, the people could not conceal their joy. They 

 ityled hi* physician, 'the aaviour of hi* country.' He wu succeeded 

 by Clement VII. Adrian appears to have been an honest conacienti- 

 oui man, who fell upon evil times, and wu unequal to the difficulties 

 which he bad to encounter. He wu deairou* of maintaining peace, 

 and of .topping, if possible, the aohism of the Lutherans by reforming 

 the church, but he did not live long enough to effect any thing essential . 

 Burmann published hi* life at Utrecht, in 1727 



^EOINHARD. [EuiittiABD.] 



.KLKKIC, an eminent Saxon prelate. He is said to have been tho 

 ion of an Earl of Kent, but at an early age he embraced a devotional 

 life, and assumed the habit of the Benedictine!, in tho monastery of 

 Abingdon. In 983, when Athclwold, the abbot of that house, became 

 Btahop of WinoheiUr, he took ^Elfrio along with him, and made him 

 one of the prieete of hi* cathedral. Here be remained till 987, when 

 be removed to Cerne Abbey. Next year he wu made Abbot of St. 

 Alban*. and eooa after wu promoted to the bUhopric of Wilton. 



