yELIANOS. 



.ENEAS. 



Finally, in 994, he was translated to the archbishopric of Canterbury, 

 over which see he presided with great ability till his death, on the 

 16th of November 1005. .<Elfric was one of the most learned eccle- 

 siastics of that age, and distinguished himself throughout his life by 

 a very praiseworthy zeal and activity in the diffusion of knowledge. 

 The following are the principal works which have been attributed to 

 him : 1. A Latin and Saxon Glossary, printed by Somner at Oxford, 

 in 1659. 2. A Saxon translation of most of the historical books of 

 the Old Testament, part of which was printed at Oxford in 1698. 

 3. A charge to his clergy, in articles, commonly called his Canons, 

 which was published by Spelman in the first volume of his ' English 

 Councils.' 4. Two volumes of Saxon Homilies, translated from the 

 Latin fathers. 5. A Saxon Grammar in Latin. There were however 

 other Saxon ecclesiastics of his name, and it has been doubted if all 

 the works enumerated were the productions of the Archbishop of 

 Canterbury. 



^ELIA'NUS. A person of this name wrote a book on the military 

 tactics of the Greeks, which he dedicated to the Emperor Hadrian. 

 There are several editions and translations of this work. A German 

 translation, by A. H. Baumgiirtuer, appeared in his complete collection 

 of the Greek writers on military tactics, Frankenthal and Mannheim, 

 4to., 1779. There is an English translation by Lord Dillon, 4to.,1814. 



.ELIA'XUS, CLAU'DIUS, a Roman citizen and a native of Pra- 

 ncste (Palestrina), probably lived about the middle of the 3rd century 

 of the Christian era. Like Cicero, Atticus, and many other Romans, 

 he made himself so completely master of the Greek language as to 

 write it with ease and correctness. There is extant a work of his in 

 fourteen books, entitled ' Various or Miscellaneous History,' which 

 is a compilation or collection of extracts made by the author in his 

 extensive reading. The value of it does not consist in what the com- 

 piler has written, but in the passages of lost writer] that he has been 

 the means of preserving. An edition of this work was published at 

 Paris iu 1805, 8vo., with Heraclides of Pontus nd Nicolaus of Damas- 

 cus, by the learned Greek Coray. There is a French translation of 

 .Elian's work, by M. B. T. Dacier, Paris, 1772, 8vo., with notes. 



Another work of ^Elian's, in seventeen books, also written in Greek, 

 is entitled ' On the Peculiarities of Animals.' Though the author 

 cannot claim tho merit of being a scientific naturalist, he has pre- 

 served a number of curious facts, collected from the works he had 

 read. Some critics are of opinion that the two works belong to dif- 

 ferent authors. (Schoell, vol. ii. ' Greek Lit.') J. G. Schneider 

 published an edition of the work on animals in 1784 ; but the latest 

 edition of the Greek text is by F. Jacobs, Jena. There are also 

 twenty Greek letters extant attributed to .'Elian. 



.EMI'LH, the name of a patrician gens, or clan, in ancient Rome, 

 who pretended to derive their origin from Mamercus, the son of 

 Pythagoras. Of the families included in this gens, the most distin- 

 guished were the Pauli, or Paulli, the Lepidi, and the Scauri. [LEPIDI ; 

 SCAUBUS.] Among the Paulli the most worthy of notice was Lucius 

 .'Emilius Paullus, the son of the consul bearing the same name, who 

 fell in the battle near Cannco (B.C. 216), after -using his utmost efforts 

 to check the rashness of his colleague. Young vEmilius was a mere 

 boy at the death of his father, yet by his personal merits and the 

 powerful influence of his friends he eventually attained to the highest 

 honours iu his country. His sister ^Emilia was married to Publius 

 Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Hannibal, who was consul for the 

 second time B.C. 1 94 ; and this very year .'Emilius, though he had 

 held no public office, was appointed one of three commissioners to 

 conduct a colony to Croton, in the south of Italy, a city with which 

 lie might claim some connection on the ground of his descent from 

 the Pythagoreans. Two years after, at the age of about thirty-six, 

 he was elected a curule eedile, in preference, if we may believe Plu- 

 tarch, to twelve candidates of such merit that every one of them 

 afterwards consul. His aodileship was distinguished by many 

 improvements in the city and neighbourhood of Rome. The follow- 

 ing year, B.C. 191, he held the office of praetor, and in that capacity 

 was governor of the south-western part of the Spanish peninsula, 

 with a considerable force under his command. The appointment was 

 renewed the year after, with enlarged powers, for he now bore the title 

 <if 1'roconsul, and was accompanied by double the usual number of 

 lictors. In an engagement however with the Lusitani, 6000 of his 

 men were cut to pieces, and the rest only saved behind the works of 

 the camp. But this disgrace was retrieved in the third year of his 

 government by a signal defeat of the enemy, in which 18,000 of their 

 men were left upon the field. For this success a public thanksgiving 

 was voted by the senate in honour of ^Emilius. Soon after he returned 

 to Rome and found that he had been appointed, in his absence, one of 

 ii commis-ioners for regulating affairs in that part of western 

 Asia which had l.itely been wrested by the two Scipios from Antiochus 

 the Great. .(Emilius was a member also of the college of augurs from 

 an early age, but we do not find any means of fixing the period of his 

 election. As a candidate for the consulship he met with repeated j 



'<, and only attained that honour in B.C. 182, nine years after 

 li'ilding the office of pnetor. During this and the following year ho 

 commanded an army in Liguria, and succeeded in the complete reduc- 

 tioii "f a powerful people called tho Ingauni, who have left their name 

 in tho maritime town of Albenga, formerly Albium Ingaunum. A 

 public thanksgiving of three days was immediately voted, and on his 



return to Rome he had the honour of a triumph. For the next ten 

 years we lose sight of jEmilius, and at the end of this period he is 

 only mentioned as being selected by the inhabitants of Farther Spain 

 to protect their interests at Rome, an honour which at once proved 

 and added to his influence. It was at this period, B.C. 171, that the last 

 Macedonian war commenced, and though the Romans could scarcely 

 have anticipated a struggle from Perseus, who inherited from his 

 father only the shattered remains of the great Macedonian monarchy, 

 yet three consuls, iu three successive years, were more than baffled by his 

 arms. In B.C. 168 a second consulship, and with it the command against 

 Perseus, was entrusted to .Emilius. He was now at least sixty years 

 of age, but he was supported by two sons and two sons-in-law, who 

 accompanied him to the war in Macedonia, and contributed iu a marked 

 manner to his success. Perseus was strongly posted in the range of 

 Olympus to defend the passes from Perrlisebia into Macedonia, but 

 he allowed himself to be outmanoeuvred. ^Emilius made good his 

 passage through the mountains, and the two armies were soon in view 

 of each other near Pydna. On the night before the battle an eclipse 

 of the moon occurred. The Roman soldiers, forewarned of its occur- 

 rence, regarded it with amusement rather than fear. In the Mace- 

 donian camp, on the other hand, superstition produced the usual effect 

 of horror and alarm ; and on the following day the result of the battle 

 corresponded to the feelings of the night. In a single hour the hopes 

 of Perseus were destroyed for ever. The monarch fled with scarcely 

 a companion, and on the third day reached Amphipolis. Thence ho 

 proceeded to Samothrace, where he soon after fell into the hands of 

 the conqueror. The date of the battle of Pydna has been fixed by 

 the eclipse to the 22d of June. After reducing Macedonia to the form 

 of a Roman province, ^Emilius proceeded on his return to Epirus. 

 Here, under the order of the senate, he treacherously surprised seventy 

 towns, and delivered up to his army 150,000 of the inhabitants as 

 slaves, and all their property as plunder. On his arrival in Rome 

 however he found in this army, with whom he was far from popular, 

 the chief opponents of his claim to a triumph. This honour he at 

 last obtained, and Perseus with his young children, some of them too 

 young to be sensible of their situation, were paraded for three succes- 

 sive days through the streets of Rome. But the triumphant general 

 had a severe lesson from affliction in the midst of his honour. Of 

 two sons by a second wife (he had long divorced Papira), one, aged 12, 

 died five days before the triumph ; the other, aged 1 4, a few days after ; 

 go that he had now no son to hand down his name to posterity. .-Euii- 

 lius lived eight years after his victory over Perseus, in which period 

 we need only mention his censorship, B.C. 164. At his death, B.C. 160, 

 his two sons, who had been adopted into other families, Fabius and 

 Scipio, honoured his memory iu the Roman fashion by the exhibition 

 of funeral games; and the 'Adelphi' of Terence, the last comedy the 

 poet wrote, was first presented to the Roman public on this occasion. 

 .(Emilius found in his grateful friend Polybius one willing and able to 

 commemorate, perhaps to exaggerate, his virtues. Few Romans have 

 received BO favourable a character from history. (Polybius ; Liry ; 

 Plutarch.) 



^ENE'AS, a Trojan prince of the royal blood, son of Anchises and 

 Venus. According to Homer he commanded the Dardanians, and his 

 name occurs frequently in the ' Iliad,' but not in the first rank of 

 heroes. He owes his celebrity to those stories which make him the 

 founder of the Roman empire iu Italy, and to his being the hero of 

 Virgil's poem. According to the Latin poets, on the night when Troy 

 was taken, or, as others say, before its capture, .(Eneas quitted the city, 

 bearing on his shoulders his aged father, and the images of his house- 

 hold gods, accompanied by his wife Creusa, who perished by the w^y, 

 and his son lulus, also called Ascauius. The older authors do not 

 speak of the multitude of followers and number of ships with which 

 Virgil has adorned his narrative. According to them he quitted the 

 Trojan shores in a single ship to seek his fortune in the unknown 

 regions of the west. After many wanderings he reached the coast of 

 Latium with 100 followers, and was favourably received by Latinus, 

 king of the country, who assigned a small tract of ground as a settle- 

 ment for the Trojans. But war soon broke out between the strangers 

 and the natives. Turnus, prince of the Hutuli, joined Latinus to 

 expel the foreigners ; but the allied princes were defeated, and Latinus 

 was slain in the first battle. Lavinia, his daughter, became tho bride 

 of the victor, and tho citadel of Laureutum fell into his hands. JEueoa 

 now built the city of Lavinium, which was hardly completed when 

 Turnus again appeared in arms, assisted by Mezentius, king of Caere. 

 Another battle ensued, in which Turnus fell; but the Latins were 

 defeated, and jEneas was drowned, or at least disappeared in the river 

 NumiCius. He was afterwards adored as Jupiter Indiges : a temple 

 was raised to him on the bank of the river ; and the Latins, and in 

 later ages the consuls of Rome, offered yearly sacrifices to him under 

 that name. lulus, his son by Creusa, succeeded to the throne, and 

 founded a city, celebrated in the history of Latium, called Alba Longn. 

 He was succeeded by Sylvius, son of ^Eneas and Lavinia, from whom 

 a long line of Latin kings descended. Such is a sketch of the chief 

 traditions about this reputed Trojan prince and his settlement in Italy, 

 (Niebuhr, Roman History, voL L p. 176. Hare and Thirlwall's 

 translation.) 



The only allusion in Homer to the history of .(Eneas after the Trojan 

 war, is a prediction that he and his children shall reign for centuries 



