JEPIHUS, PRAXflS THEODORE. 



AESCHYLUS. 



MT the TrejeB.; Bothinf i. Mid of UM place of their BtttUoMot. 



nOia*t DkT*9 iMlppOMtl tA4%l DA) FCQMUMd IO to* TtXMfed, tsMXi 



of hi. 



.n i 



to I 



of the 'Xoti 



that the ^ .ry 

 .. of foundation. 



MARIA* ULiuc THEODORE, a celebrated 



of the I8th century, who was bom at Rostock in Lower 

 iber IX 1734. but of whow life few particulars have 

 ; he died at Dorpat la Livonia, in 1801 

 toin by .Epinaa, relating to mathematical and philo- 



ibjeete, were printed the TUt, 8th, th, and 10th volume. 



irii P.tropoL/ aod in UM Mcmoire.' of tb 

 BermAdny for 1745 adm. U UM volume for UM latter year, 

 and aUo in a RecsjsO de Memoir**,' publiabed at St. Petersburg 



v -- 1~_. i. n-*uu. J 



1 7t b his paper eBtitbd De qnibo 

 wirfoh ooBtiM UM discovery of UM 

 a ininl which DM nine* been M 



ACL. 



electrical polarity of tourmalin*, 

 much noticed on account of iu 

 to polarised light .ttpinus found that on 

 - 



of the mineral U. a brat between WJ- and 812' Kahr 

 it acquired UM vitreon* and UM other the rrainou 

 M 101> volume of UM ' Novi Comment' i* hi* nape 



>per 



nriac the esfcct of parallax OB the duration of a transit of Venus 

 the diet of the euB. ia cooseqaenee of the position of the 

 OB the earth MHBM* ; and in the same volume is 



produced by looking directly at the ran. Also, 



hi UM ISUt volume of UM earn, work there b contained an account of 

 UM electrical properties of UM Brazilian emerald, a eryatal which hu 

 bee* riBce found to b* merely a variety of tourmaline. In 1758 he 



of 



81. Petersburg Ml academical diacoune concerning the 

 eUefcteiti and magnetism; and in 1761, at the aame 

 Me entitled 'CogitatioiMS da Distributione Calorii per 



Caloris per 



.Kpinu* i* chiefly duitinjruiahed by hi* 'Tentamcn Tbeoriic 

 IdteU* et Msgnetumi,' which, in 1759, was published also at 

 Unburg. IB tU* work he sets out by assuming that there 

 i in all bodies a fluid whoa* particle* mutually repel one another 

 ' KB flinrmJng a* the distances between them increase, and, 

 to the same law, attract the particle* of the bodie* with 

 . are in combination. He assume, also that the electrical 

 fluid penetrate, with dimculty through the bodies called electric., a. 

 glass, resin, Jtc,; and that it meet, with no sensible obstruction iu 

 pessmg through such as are called non-electric* or conductors, a* the 

 metela, unbaked wood, etc. ; and be has succeeded in showing, by the 

 striot process of mathematio.1 analysis, that the phenomena of elec- 

 tricity depend chiefly on the tendency of the fluid to attain a state of 

 equilibrium, by passing from a body which contain* an excess to those 

 about H which may have lea* than the natural quantity. The intricate 

 i distribution of electricity and mtSSm 



. ' .... 



. .1. .-.,.' 



of bodie* of given form., a* _ 



and though UM neult* of the investigations, so far a* they 



t __ f . _ * . . * 



on the surface* 

 i* however left un- 



stew), accord satisfactorily with phenomena, >et there remain* an 

 BBBlBiuuuliil dHBcully in UM fact that, when a body i* deprived of 

 UM electrical fluid, it* particle* are held together by coheaion, while 

 UM UMory requires that in euch a atato the partiolei ahould exert on 



. ,. H T T. : .'.-.: *JH 



In UM -raUophkel Transactions' for 1771, there i* an elaborate 



paper em 

 prmdple* 

 Mr. CaTra 



_ a MtrnmaUeal theory of electricity, on the same 

 as those assumed by .Kpinus, which was written by 

 Mr. Cavendish without any knowledge of what had been previously 



" *. U _~*"+* .*H-"l*f S -V d * .of the 



_ 



IUuy in 1787 > UDd<r * utle 



U. Tbeorte de lEUctridU!.' 



n*mt the m*an* of charging a plate of air with 

 electricity, when it I* confined between two board.. He appear* to 

 ba*. directed hi. attention to mechanical lubject* ; for he diicoTered 

 U>et wbra aay force*, acting upon the arm* of a balance, keep them in 

 quiUbrio, UM *um of the f.ircea, deoocnpoaed in the direction of the 



The brief notice, of the diaoorerie* of 

 J te taken from the work, named above.) 



UM Philosopher, wa. one of the scholar* of Socratea, 



h the furnace of modern criticism, have been declared not to 

 fee* by him. The langnag. of the** dialogue, proves them 

 rr to beloH to an (* wbm Greek wa. still written with great 



be wn y m. 

 bowerer to belonc to 



voice and a fine person, 

 iher he stepped fremthe t_,, 

 of pblic lity we do not know? but he - 

 tAMechtwt at an e1y (*,* a public BM. 



K a littl* oldsr, if we trust the 

 a kind of clerk to som* of the 

 *r wa. somewhat bolder: having a 

 he tried hi* fortune on the 



By having discharged 



hi. function, a* a clerk, and having been in the service of the orator* 

 Arissaphon and Eubulu* in some similar capacity, ho had acquired 

 some knowledge of the law* of hi* country. In *hort, he wa* a bold 

 adventurer, gifted with many of those qualities that are calculated to 

 inure svoce** in the dubiou* game of political warfare. 



Only three oration* of .Machine* are extant, all of which relate to 

 important event, in hi. public life. He wa* accused by Demosthenes, 

 on* of hi* fellow ambassador*, of malversation and corruption in hi. 

 second embassy to King Philip, the object of which wa* to obtain 

 Philip's ratification of the treaty of peace, and to this attack he 

 replied in hi* oration entitled ' On Malversation iu hi* Embassy.' 

 Timarchus, a friend of Demosthenes, had joined in the attack on 

 .Eechine* ; but the orator .poedily rid himself of thu adversary by 

 prosecuting him for a disreputable course of life. /Kuchinrs gained 

 hi* cause, and Timarchu*, according to some accounts, concluded the 

 affair by hanging himself. The oration on this subject i. called 

 4 Against Timarchus.' The delay caused by the prosecution of Timar- 

 chus deferred the prosecution of .Machines till about three years after 

 hi* return from the second embassy, which wa. no doubt favourable 

 to the accused, a* it tended to destroy the popular feeling Against 

 -tjchines, who finally escaped from a verdict against him. The third 

 oration is entitled ' Against Ctesiphon,' but is in fact an attack on 

 Demosthenes, who replied in his famous oration called ' The Crown.' 

 The pretext on which .Vochines attacked Ctesiphon was this : For 

 some public services which Demosthenes had rendered to the state, it 

 was proposed by Ctesiphon that ho should receive a golden crown, 

 but this proposition was considered by .Kochine* to contain plaumi* 

 contrary to existing law*. He also denied the claim of Demosthenes 

 on the ground of public services. A* early as ao. 338, .Machine* had 

 declared his intention to prosecute Cte.iphon, but the cause was not 

 tried till B.C. 330, after the death of Philip, whilst Alexander was in 

 the midst of his Asiatic conquests. ./Eschines lost his cause, and not 

 having obtained one-fifth part of the votes of the jury, he was com- 

 pelled to leave Athens, being unable to pay the penalty in that case 

 required by the law. He retreated to the island of Ithodes, where, it 

 i* (aid, he resumed the profession of his earlier days, by opening 

 clssso. for instruction in elocution, and became tho founder of a 

 school of eloquence. He is said to have died at Samoa, B.C. :',17. 

 [DIUOBTUENBS.J 



The Greek and Roman critics considered the Rhodian school of 

 eloquence, of which ..-Kschines was the reputed founder, to be charac- 

 terised by a happy mean between the florid Asiatic and the dry and 

 more sententious Athenian style. The style of -Kscliinea is distin- 

 guished by great perspicuity and correctness of language. 11U 

 narrative and descriptive power* deserve high praise, nor ore we 

 disposed to undervalue his powers of abuse, though in this he falls far 

 below his great rival We have the strongest testimony to his per- 

 sonal qualifications as an orator, in the reluctant but unambiguous 

 manner in which Demosthenes acknowledges hi* own inferiority. 



There are numerous edition* of ^Kschines : the latest and best, as 

 far a* the mere text i* concerned, is included in Brkker's edition of 

 the 'Attic Orators,' Oxford, 1822. One of the best editions of 

 JSschine. alone is by J. H. Bremius, 1824, 2 vol*., Svo. The Abbd 

 Auger translated the oration* and letters of Machine* into French, 

 and inserted them in the wcoud volume of his ' Demosthenes.' Tho 

 oration of Machines against Cteiiphon, with the reply of Demosthenes, 

 wa* translated into Latin by Cicero, and into German by Fr. liaumer, 

 1811. The oration against t'tesiphou has been translated into Kuglish 

 by Portal and Leland. 



There arc twelve letter* extant attributed to Machines, the genuine- 



a of which, we fear, would not stand the test of a thorough 

 examination. It wa* usual, iu the later ages of Greek literature, for 

 teacher* of rhetoric to employ themselves on fictions of thu kind. 



.f SC'HYLUS, the son of Euphorion, and a native of Eleusis in 

 Attica, wa* born about B.C. 625, and died in Sicily probably about 

 in-. 456. A* the great father of the Athenian drama, ,'Eschylii.i 

 occupies one of the most prominent places in the history of the lite- 

 rature of his country. The particulars of his life that have come 

 down to us are however few and unimportant, with the exception th .it 

 be fought bravely iu the bottles of Marathon and Salami*. At 25 

 vears of age he contended for the prize of Tragedy. In hi* 41st year 

 bo gained his first victory, which was followed by twelve similar 

 triumphs. In his 57th year, indignant at the price being awarded to 

 bis younger rival, Sophocles, he retired to the court of Hioro, king of 

 Syracuse, who, being a patron of poets and learned men, hod collected 

 around him the most illustrious writers of that day, such as Pindar 

 and Simonides. An odd story i* told of the cause of the poet's death : 

 ao eagle carrying off a tortoise let it fall on the great dramatist's head, 

 mistaking the bald pate for a stone. 



Seven tragedies of -fcschylus, out of a very large number that ho 

 wrote, still remain, entitled respectively, 'The Prometheus Bound,' 

 The Seven against Thebe.,' ' The Pemians,' ' The Female Supplianta,' 

 'Tho^ Agamemnon,' ' Cboi-phori ' (libation-bearers), and ' Eumenides,' 

 or ' Kiine*.' The three last form a continuous drama or action, which 

 contains (1) the return of Agamemnon from Troy, and his murder by 

 hi* wife Clytcmnestra ; (2) the revenge of Oretes, the ion of Aga- 

 memnon, who kill* his mother and the adulterer .iFginthun ; and (3) 

 the persecution of Orestes by the Furie., and hi* release therefrom l.y 



