AOATHOn.KMOX. 



y*r be adopted U>. bold plan of carrying the war into Africa : but 

 moory was required for thb purpose: and hi* contrivance for raising 

 It *>tns borrowed (ram UM habit* of hi* early life He offered to 

 U ell b feared UM hardships of a *e retire from Syracuse, and 

 Iw ami an armed fore, to plunder and murder thoee who availed 

 jbafjiihn of UM permMoaj. By thai atrodo.ii act he at once gained 

 aupftUea, *** r**wtfted himself upon hi* eoemta*. 



On hi* Undue; m Africa he burnt hi* ship., tl.it hts loldlen might 

 Uv M bap* but In victory. H. took aeveral towns, defeated a power- 

 Ad OtrUMfiaian fore. Mot to oppose him. and threw Carthage iUeif 

 iato free* alarm. But a new ihsagiir threatened the rule of Agatbooles, 

 from UM powwful dty of Agrigentum. which proflted by the exhaus. 

 lion of Carthage and 8yracu to invii. the Sicilian, to shake off the 

 dominion of both, Afatboeiee returned In haste, and reduced torn* 

 of the revolted eitise. But the foroai of the rest under the command 

 of Democrat.*, a Syracusan. proved too strong for him. Moreover, 

 hit preMtx* WM again required In Africa, where the Csrthaginians had 

 repaired their tone*, and regain* I their ascendancy. He saw the pro 

 Ubility that the Ryraenmn* might call in Deinocratea in hi* absence. 

 In thi* dOeeam*. he took advantage of a public festival to ascertain 

 who wr hi* eucmiea, and put to death the chief men of the party to 

 the number of 600. 



H* WM received on his return to Africa by a mutiny among his 

 troops, in aaajaaquaaea of his son Aroharathns having been dilatory in 

 furniehine; their pay. H. harangued the soldiery, saying that they 

 net |H their pay from the enemy, and that the booty should be in 

 common. Bat UM neeesaity of recovering the good will of his army 

 betrayed him into imprudence*. He attacked the Carthaginian* unad- 

 ri**diy. and loat UM battle, and a Urge portion of hi* men. He wa* 

 compelled to retreat to hi* camp, where he saw that his rashness had 

 art the eoldiers against him ; and he bad reason to fear thst they would 

 renew UM mutiny on account of the arrears of par. He therefore fled 

 n the night, accompanied by Archafathu*. They were pursued, nml 

 the eon was taken : the father, with better fortune, reached the ships 

 In which be had returned from Sicily, and escaped. All his sons were 

 murdered by the enraged soldiers, who then made terms with the 

 Carthaginiaus. Agathocla* avenged himself in kind on the murderers 

 of hU tout, by (laying UM kindred of those who had (erred with him 

 in Africa. 



On hi* return to Sicily, he found that a large portion of the troops, 

 and trveral of the cities, bad gone over to Deinocrates, who himself 

 Mpired to UM sovereignty. He therefore made peace, with the Cartba- 

 **"! and commenced a war against the exiles, whom he defeated, 

 and treacherously slew to the number of 7000, after they had laid 

 down their arm* under aunranoe of safety. But he received Deiuo- 

 erate* with favour, and appointed him his general After thia he 

 undertook an expedition into Italy against the liruttii, laid the Lipari 

 Island* under contribution, and made himself master of Crotona, but 

 WM obliged by severe illnen to leave hi* main design* uncompleted. 

 Hi* ambition wa* to render Sicily a great naval power ; and he had 

 advanced far in the prosecution of this attempt when he died, by one 

 account of a miserable and wasting sickness, by another of poison 

 admibistored by Msinon, one of hi* lasociates, in concert with his own 

 grandson. Hi* death took place in the year B.C. 289, at the age of 72, 

 after a r^ign of 28 years. 



AOATII ' f Alexandria, a map-maker, and apparently the 



author of UM map* found In the olde*t manuscripts of the geography 

 of Claodlu* PtoUmsra*. There can be no doubt that the work of 

 Plnlimam WM accompanied by map* ; if indeed it U pocaiblo that a 

 tabular lyatom of geography like hi* could be without them. Maps 

 on plat*, of copper are mentioned by Herodotus, who wrote above 

 M* year* before PtoUmeraa. But a* we know nothing at all about 

 UM of Atalhodroon. we cannot conclude, M some do, that the 

 map. of PtoUmsro* wen constructed by him. It i* more likely that 

 U wa. a Uter editor or amender of them. In the Vienna and Vene- 

 tian manuscript* the following not. In Greek U found at the end of 

 the maps : " According to the eight books of the Geographical work* 

 of Claudius Ptohtnajos, Aathodmon of Alexandria delineated the 

 wboU earth." It has been inferred from this, that Agathodemon was 

 eowUtoporary of Ptolcm.ro*. But thi* doe* not seem to be quite 

 **"** Tbe Aape which A*athodmon gave to th. different 

 i of UM Mrth maintained iu ground on modern map* till the 

 * refuUr rorveya became in use : and indeed till of late yean, 

 our map* were only the traditional delineations of 

 m of Alexandria. (Schoell, ToL ii. ; Hecren, l)t 

 Protxmcrs. CLADDIUI.) 



Id 



new election previous to obtaining the imperial confirmation of the 

 bishop elect The confirmstion Itself however continued to be re- 

 quired for a considerable time after, if not from the emperor, at least 

 from the exarch of Ravenna, who was the emperor** representative in 

 Italy. Aptthon died A.D. 682. He Is numbered by the Church of 

 Rome among ite sainU. (Sandioi, Vila Pontijicum Romn*onu x 

 Antlquii lf<mttmra/u ColltOa.) 



AUESILA'DS, younger son of Arcbidamui, king of Lacedannon, 

 succeeded hie brother Agis, B.C. 398, to the exclusion of his nephew 

 Leotvchidea, who laboured under the stigma of bastardy, being Where .1 

 to be the son of Alcibiades, and not of Agis, hi* reputed father. As 

 the crown descended in direct line fi-ora father to son, the succession of 

 Agesilaua seemed, in his youth, to be barred ; and hi* education win 

 conducted a* that of a private person, in all the itriotness of Spartan 

 discipline. He was lame, and advantage wa* taken of this to excite a 

 prejudice againit him ; yet so high wss bis personal character, or so 

 general the belief in the spurious birth of Leotychides, that by a 

 vote of the general assembly, the heir-apparent was passed over, 

 and Agesilaus was appointed king. 



In the first year of his reign a plot was formed to effect a change of 

 government. The political constitution, established by Lycurgus, had 

 degenerated into an oligarchy of a peculiar kind. Almost nil political 

 power, with the exclusive right to hold hi. -It civil or military office, 

 was engrossed by those families who boasted to be of puro Spartan 

 blood, the term Spartan being opposed to Lacedajmonian. The Lace- 

 demonians are conjectured to have been the progeny of enfranchised 

 Helots, strangers associated into the citizenship, a remnant of the 

 Aclirci, and in a word, all who could not trace an unblemished line of 

 Spartan descent to the early ages of the monarchy. Foreigners might 

 become members of the community and Lacedtomouinna ; but th-y 

 could never become Spartans ; at least, Herodotus only knew of two 

 instances up to this time (ix. S3, 85). The object of Cinadon's con- 

 spiracy, who complained that he counted ouly forty Spartans in tho 

 agora, or place of assembly, and that these were all official person*, 

 was to extend the right nf holding their high office* to all citizens. 

 The plot was discovered before it wa* ripe ; Cinadon, the author and 

 ringleader, was executed, and the Spartans held fast their monopoly. 



In order to prosecute wore effectually the war with Persia (B.C. 

 396), Ageiilaus was sent to command in Asia. At setting out, he 

 pledged himself either to conclude an honourable peace, or to disable 

 his enemies from giving any further disturbance to the Greeks. lli< 

 first object was to conciliate the Asiatic citiea by prudent manage- 

 ment and liberality ; and he succeeded in reconciling their factious. 

 It may bo doubted whether the design of Agesilaua was limited to 

 tho protection of tho Greek state* of Asia, but the war that broke 

 out in Greece, sfti-r he had been about two years in Asia, did not 

 allow him to follow up his sucoense*, 



The intrigue* of the Persians and the hatred of the Spartan influ- 

 ence had occasioned a dangerous league to be fonned against Sparta. 

 Thebes, Argos, and Corinth declared against the Lacedemonians, and 

 Athena followed the example at the pressing instance of the Tuebans. 

 The ephori ordered Agesilaus home ; in the height of his glory, and 

 with the prospect of victory, he instantly obeyed. The Lacedte- 



! moniaus and their enemies met near Coroneia in Ilceotia, and a fierce 

 battle took place (August, B.C. 39*). The Thebons alono made a 

 gallant resistance. The Spartan king was wounded, and obtained only 

 a doubtful victory. He returned to Sparta, not importing with him 



I the luxuries of Asia, but adhering to the temperance and frugality 

 characteristic of his country's discipline. The probability of .' 

 recovering her former power after her walls were rebuilt (D.C. 892), 

 induced the Spartan* to *end Antalcidas (n.c. 887) with proposals to 

 Persia, favourable to themselves, but disadvantageous to the rest of 

 Greece. The bearer of these offers was the personal enemy of Agesi- 

 lau*, and was supposed to have a mean pleasure in lessening hi* 

 power and tamihing his glory. The Persians dictated the treaty 

 in the language of conquerors (Xen. ' Hellen.' v., i. 31 ), and Artaxcrxes 

 concluded with denouncing war against those who should not submit 



> to hi* terms. The Thcbans refused ; but their steadiness was shaken 

 by preparations for coercion on the part of the ephori, invidiously 



I recommended by Agesilaus, in revenge for a former aflr 

 had now, though not worthily, recovered her power in Greece. ' 1 1. r 

 virtms, indeed, were to be found rather in adversity than prosperity ; 

 nor did she profit by her own experience, that tyranny lead* to the 

 destruction of the tyrant Plirobidas, one of her generals, on hi 

 march into Thrace against Olynthus, was encamped iu the neighbour- 



I hood of Thebc*, while parties were so nearly balanced, that Is 



OATIIOX. a native of Sicily, succeeded Domnui in the see of and Leontiade*; the head* of opposite factions, excrci-.-.l the chief 

 ' Conetentin* Poronatus havlnir con. magistracy together. Leontiades, who courted the friendship of 



, succeee omnni 

 Emperor Conetantine Pogonatus having con- 



^y^Sy^ *iv MO - A *" h * 



concurred in condemning the heresy of the Mono- 

 rlitea, .bo enntendrd that, hi oonaaquence of the union of the two 

 **?"? Chrht, there wa* In him only one will and 

 W, an opinion which appear* to have been till then coun- 



.V** > *' t * A ty Pol* Honoriu* I. These 

 al aetoetlona, to .hiaj, ,], of y,, oriental* 

 i_to bar. puded at time, the more aober and matter- 



i Lacedamon, aecretly introduced rhmbidas and his troops iuto the 

 Cadmela, the citadel of Thebes (n.c. 382). This at once gave 



*. line whiohUM of Rom. pSitotta Si^ uCr? 



. . 



the luperiority to that party of which he was tin 

 was apprehended, and 400 of his friends immediately fled to Athens. 

 Complaint was made at Sparta of this treacherous aggression in time 

 of peac<-. Agesilaus was, in general, more just and liberal tlinii Hi 

 rest of his countrymen ; but he contended that it wo* necessary to 

 examine whether the poiaesaion of the Cadmeia wa* of advantage to 

 Sparta. Tho decree of the Spartans was, as we might expect, in 

 their own favour. The assembly resolved to koi-p tho citndel, and to 



