A'-.I.A !'! 'V. 



AGRICOLA. CN^DB JULIUS. 



On UM return of Alia, be fond that a change had Ukeo place in 



th. JSijrs i^siw UM p~'. iidto * > 



wa. again one of the ephori, the lands were not 

 I thrown themselves into the party 



of their owa enemies, and .uflered them to dethrone Cleombrotu. 

 mA restore L-oaM- to powrr. Agfa wee compelled to flyU . BUM- 

 taery Some ti aiilierniii friend* entrapped him, and dragged him to 

 pcWo. Being nmeticaid by the ephori. whether be did not repent of 

 Crmg faWuij innovation. F bTWplied, that in the face (/death 

 he would not repent of eo worthy an eoterprUe. He was oon- 

 dMDMd. aad exeootod with mdeotnt haete; the plea for thi* wai the 

 deacer of a leuiui. One of his exeoutionen wai moved to tear*. 

 Agfa said to USB, * Lament me not ; *un>ring unjustly, I am happier 

 than my murderers," The cruelty of the victorious party did not 

 end hers: hfa mother and grandmother were strangled on hi* body. 

 Bb widow wae forcibly taken out of her house by Leoaidaa, and 

 married against her will to his son Cleomenea. Though a huibanu 

 by oompaUon. Oeomenei was attached to hi* wife, whose conversa- 

 tion inspired bun with the desire of accomplishing the projected 

 reform. rCLo*mJ (Plutarch. HJttf Ago.) 



aUPHON. There were two distinguished Greek painters of 



A'OLAOPHON 

 this name, who were probably related. 



Bottiger tup 



that the 



III Mil ' the grandson of the elder, and tb*~*on of Aristophon the 

 brother of Polygnotoa. 



The elder Aglaophon lived about B.C. 500, and wai a native of the 

 island of Tbaeoe, where hit Mm Polygnotu* wai also burn. Aglao- 

 pbon'a greateet distinction ia that of baring been the father and the 

 Instructor of Porygnotna, who ii the fint painter recorded in history 

 who attained great fine. Quintilian it the only writer who speak* of 

 the atyle of Agtaophon, but he indieoriminately couple* him with 

 Polygnotaa. He eaya, " Notwithstanding the aimple colouring of 

 Polmoto* and Aglaophon, which wai little more than the crude 

 br-jiffAi*; of what wai afterward* accomplished, many hare, certainly 

 with MOM affectation, preferred their works to thoee of the greatest 

 matter* who succeeded them." There can be as little doubt that this 

 pierap refer* to the elder, aa that the following, from Cicero, refer* to 

 the younger : Ciocro aayt, .peaking of style*, Aglaophon, Zeuxis, and 

 ApeUe* were all different in their MTeral styles, yet each was perfect 

 in hi* own style. 



None of the works of the elder Aglaophon are particularly mentioned, 

 nnlr-i the winged Victory spoken of by the scholiast on the ' Birds ' 

 of Arietophanei (T. 573) may be attributed to him. 



The two picture* of Alcibiade* mentioned by Athenicus must have 

 been by the younger. After Alribiadea, aay* Atheuxus, returned to 

 Athene a victor at the Olympic game*, he exhibited two picture* of 

 himaelf, one mmeeiiliin. (Jlympia* and Pythias crowning him, and in 

 UM other be wa* painted extremely beautiful, lying on the knee* of 

 Nenea. Plutarch attributes the latter of these pictures to ArUtophon, 

 Ike brother of Polygnotaa, and the (uppaeed father of the younger 

 Aglaophon ; bat a* the account of Athenarai accords better with the 

 time, it M more probably correct, at least under the supposition that 

 there were two artuta of thi* name. The beautiful hone ipoken of by 

 .tOian wa* probably the work of the younger Aglaophon. 



(Mdai ; (juinUuen. /net. Orator, til 10, 3; Atbenstua, xil 634 ; Pin- 

 Unej.JMoM<ie),I;aeero,/>iOnU.iii.T; .Elian, I* A*im. i Kpilom.) 



AUNKH, MAIUA OAETANA, wa* born at Milan in 1718. When 

 Tery yooof, eh* dietintruUhed henelf by the acquisition of the Latin, 

 Greek. Hebrew, French, German, and Spanish language*. She then 

 turned her attention to mathematic* and philosophy, and at the age 

 of 1 wrote in defence of W these*, which were published in 1738, 

 ndcr the title of Proposition*. Philosophic*.' In 1748 she pub- 

 meet celebrated work, Institution* Analitiche ad Uso dell* 

 Italiana,' in two volume* 4 to. The first volume contain* 



of Algebra, with th* application of Algebra to Geometry; 

 tain* an excellent treatise on the Differential and Integral 

 Cabal**. In 1780, her father, who waa then a professor of the univer- 

 sity of Bologna, being 111, ahe obtained permission from the Pope 

 Benedict XIV. to supply hi* place. She ended her career, but in what 

 year we cannot ascertain, by retiring into a convent, and taking the 

 veil She died m January. 17W. aged 81. 



The second volume of the 'Analytical Institutions ' wai translated 

 into French by tXAntslmy, with additions by Boesut, and published 

 ** Part* in 1776. The whole was translated into English, and pub- 

 hehed et the expense of Baron Masen* in 1801. 



AOSOLO, BACCIO !>'. a Florentine, wee at first a wood-engraver, 

 sad afterwards aa architect H* wa* born in 1460. and bad already 



, 

 his art and boaineaa a* a wood- 



engraver, 



probably for the means of rubsfatence, and hi. studio, or workshop, 

 we. fun mil il by the meet eminent men of taste aud learning then 

 tL H b^nJoio7 ^lUofcel Angilo, Sansovino, and 



C)BsetUins;bwslfasanarehiUctinFlonnoe, Baccio was engaged 

 la erreral work* of importance there, and acquired notoriety of a 

 olsagrteaSU natnr* through deviation from the ordinary | r, 



the time. He adorned the window* of a mansion or palazxo (as tho 

 Italian* term the large town-house of a distinguished person), in tho 

 Pious di Santa Trinit-X with frontispieces, and put a frontispiece, 

 ~~uu..ft of columns with a regular entablature, to the portal, in tin- 

 manner, indeed, which has been so commonly practised ever since, 

 and i* at the present time in vogue, but which had been restricted to 

 churches up to tbii time. All the wits in Florence aet upon poor 

 Baocio, who wa* lampooned and ridiculed in every possible way, for 

 making, a* it wa* said, a palace into a church ; indeed, he was almost 

 induced to retrace his steps, but being conscious that he hnd dono 

 well, "he took heart and stood firmly/' It was a novelty, and aa tho 

 biographer of all the architect* says, ' like almost all other novelties, 

 it wai at the first scorned and afterwards worshipped." Hut the same 

 writer is somewhat severe on him for making perhaps too bold a 

 crowning cornice to the front of this identical edifice, saying that it 

 looked like a boy with a huge hat on his head. 



Baocio had been engaged to complete the architectural arrangements 

 about the tholobate or drum of the cupola of the metropolitan church 

 of Santa Maria del Fiore, which were left incomplete by lirunelleschi, 

 and whose design for that part was lost. Baccio wai about to supply 

 what was wanting after hi* own invention, and had begun to cut away 

 the toothing* left by Brunelleschi in the work because they did not suit 

 what he proposed to do. At this juncture Michel Angelo happened 

 to coma to Florence from Rome, and attacked him so violently on the 

 unfitness of hi* design, that Baocio was (topped, and in consequence 

 of subsequent disputes on the subject, the edifice, in that particular, 

 still remains incomplete. 



liaccio d'Agnolo died in 1543, being eighty-three years of age, and 

 left a son Giuliano, an engraver and architect, who succeeded to the 

 direction of his father's works. The most esteemed of Baccio' s pro- 

 ductions are the villa Borghesini, near Florence, and the campanile 

 or bell-tower of the church di Santo Spirito (a production of Brunei- 

 leschi's), in Florence. By some writers, the great palaz/o Salviati, iu 

 the Transtiborino portion of Rome, is attributed to this architect, 

 but it ia more commonly referred to Nanni <li Baccio Bigio, a mau of 

 far inferior merit and reputation to Baccio d'Agnolo. 



AGRICOLA, CN^EUS JULIUS, was born June 13, A.D. 87, at 

 Forum Julii, now Frejus, in Provence. His father was Julius One- 

 cinus, a writer of some eminence on agriculture, and distinguished as 

 a senator for his eloquence and integrity. His virtues were the cause 

 of his destruction. The emperor Caligula, desirous to get rid of hi> 

 father-in-law, M. Silanus, called upon Gnecinus to undertake the accu- 

 sation which was to be the pretext for hh destruction. Gr.ecimis 

 refused, aud met with the same fate as the unfortunate Silanus. 

 Agricola was an infant at tho time of his father's death. His mother 

 was Julia Procilla, who appears to have watched with great care over 

 the education of her son. After having studied philosophy at MassilU, 

 now Marseilles, the principal seat of learning in Gaul, Agricola was 

 sent to Britain, where he served under the immediate eye of Suetonius 

 Paulinus, tho period of his service including the grand insurrection 

 under Boadicea, in 61. In 62 he returned to Rome, where ho married 

 Domitia Decidiana, a lady belonging to one of tho first families. In 63 

 he went as qutcetor to Asia, where he proved his integrity by refusing 

 to unite with the proconsul Salvius Titionus in the system of extortion 

 so common in the Roman provinces. During the latter part of Nero's 

 reign he was tribune and pnctor, but from a regard to the jealousy 

 of the emperor remained comparatively inactive. On the accession of 

 Oalba in 68 he was appointed to examine the property of the temples, 

 and to restore whatever had been taken away by Nero. In the con- 

 testa between Otho and Vitellius his mother was murdered by a detach- 

 ment from Otho's fleet, which landed in Liguria and ravaged tho estates 

 of the family near Intemelium (Vintitniglia). On his way from tho 

 funeral of bis mother, he learned that Vespasian had been proclaimed 

 by the legions of the east. He declared in his favour, and was rewarded 

 by the command of the 20th legion in Britain. On his return to Rome 

 about 73 be was enrolled by the emperor among the patrii-i.-m*, an. I 

 appointed governor of Aquitania, a province which included the south- 

 western port of Usllia, from tho Pyrenees to the Loire. After a suc- 

 cessful administration of nearly throe years, he was recalled to receive 

 the still higher honour of the consulship. His daughter was now 

 betrothed to the historian Tacitus, and the next year she was giveu 

 to him in marriage. Agricola, at the expiration of hi* consulship, was 

 appointed governor of Britain, and proceeded thither about 78. lit! 

 passed seven or perhaps eight summers iu Britain ; iu the first of 

 which he added North Wales and the sacred island of Anglesey to the 

 Roman province. By the end of the fourth campaign the whole island 

 south of the Clyde and the Fortli.was secured to the Roman* by a lino 

 of fort* running from tho one mtuary to the other. Kvery summer 

 extended tho dominion of the Roman arms, but it was only in tho lost 

 year of his government that he entirely broke the spirit of the BriUw 

 by the defeat of Qalgocus on the Grampian Hills. At the close of 

 this campaign a Roman fleet, for the first time, railed round the island. 

 Agricola taught the Briton* to settle in towns, to improve their dwell- 

 ing*, to erect temple*, and to cultivate the arts of civilised life. Ho 

 *et up a system of education for the sons of tho chiefs, who adopted 

 in time the language and the drees of Rome. By these means he in n 

 great measure reconciled tho natives to the yoke which they hod pre- 

 viously so ill rmlured. Th<i>e 'I'lemli 1 s'lce-fc* ivcro unpalatable to 



