AI.IUNI. 



ALBERONI, CARDINAL. 



Of Spain put I 



.,' i 



iUsboB.alU. 



The Uukof 



He ws pnacipi 



US BOettoM. SI 



in hi. army. 11 

 which wouldh 



M be always did. ai 

 bishop urged him to 







the victory.- Durii 

 loetahattk The 1 

 a* Alba, surrounded 

 belong to intolrnn* 

 UM bigot and tyran 



' : 



of Ueed*. Foot TMIB after his 

 ving no rightful h-ir. Philip 1 1. 

 farad by the sword. Alba WH 

 i, and at the head of 12,000 men 



MSSIS he pUonl Philip in pot 

 Three jean after, 1583, he died 



dly the ablest general of hi* age. 



hii alill and prudence in choosing 

 cement of the stricteat discipline 

 atisnf stratagem those advantages 

 ray or dsarly acquired by a pre- 



Being at Cologne, and avoiding, 

 ith toe Dutch troops, the arch- 

 bject of a general," answered the 

 tt ; be fight* enough who bbtaini 

 > many jean' warfare, he never 

 , and caution of mch a character 

 all the evil circumstance* which 

 i, were only instrument* to render 



and odious. Under more favour- 

 of society, they might haro produced a juit and benevolent 



(Mariana, But, <f- />/>., Bentivoglio, Ouerr. di Plandr.; Do Campo, 

 Hi*l. de Portugal) 



ALBAXI, a patrician Roman family, originally from the town of 

 t'rbrao. One of ite members. Cardinal Gian Pranceeoo Albani, was 

 raued to the papal see in 1700, when he auumed the name of 

 Clemen* XL Since that time the Albani have been classed among 

 the Roman princes, and have furnished the Church of Rome with a 

 sooceesion of cardinal*, who hare been in general men of taste and 

 abilities. Cardinal Alesaandro Albani, in the last century, was known 

 a* a patron of the art*. During the course of fifty years he enriched 

 his villa outside of Porta Salaria with a magnificent collection of 

 objects of art, which rendered the Villa Albani one of the most 

 Inlarselliis! spot* about Rome. When the French republican army 

 invaded Rome in 1798, this villa was stripped of all it* treasures. 

 The cardinal, however, escaped to Naples. After the death of Pius VI., 

 Cardinal Albani repaired to the conclave at Venice, which elected 

 Pius VII., and soon after died at an advanced age. The lay repre- 

 sentative of the Albani family is possessed of the estate of Soriano 

 near Viterbo, and of other domains in the papal states. [CLEMENT XI.] 



ALBAXI. FRANCESCO, was born at Bologna, March 17, 1678. 

 and was placed under the tuition of Denys Calvert, to be instructed 

 in painting. Ouido Rent was studying at the same time under that 

 mastrr, and being more advanced in art than Albani he was enabled 

 to afford him effectual assistance in his studies. The two youths 

 quitted Calvert, and placed themselves under Ludovico Cnrracci, whose 

 school began about this time to be conspicuous in Lombardy, and 

 undtr that great master they pursued their studies with an emulation 

 advantageous to both. Having made considerable proficiency, Ouido 

 proceeded to Rome, whither he was followed by Albani, whose taleuta 

 soon excited attention in that metropolis of art. Annibale Carrocci 

 had been employed to ornament the chapel of San Diego, in the 

 National Church of the Spaniards; but being disabled by illness, he 

 recommended Albani to continue the work, which he finished so 

 successfully aa to obtain universal applause. He afterwards painted 

 several large picture* at Rome, Mantua, and Bologna, but it is on his 

 1 picturw that Albani's reputation is chiefly founded. The natural 

 > of hi* mind was towards subjects of feminine and infantine 

 to high finishing rather than bold effect All his latter work* 

 sM | 



elaborate; they became extremely fashionable during 

 Us day. Albani was well acquainted with ancient sculpture, but 

 diapUys DO indication of such knowledge in hi* male figures; his 

 women and children are better drawn. He might have become a good 

 ' ' I .::; :.:.. I:. I v.i.i !, 



Impairs tha brilliancy of his tints, and gives his flesh the appearance 

 of ivory. There are at Borgbley House, the seat of the Marquis of 

 Exeter, some tapestries from his designs. Three of his pictures, 

 namely the Three Marys at the Sepulchre, and two Holy Families, 

 * **li fTl jr** BobCT * Strange. Albani died Oot 4, 1060. 



ALBANY, LOUISA, COUNTESS 'oF, daughter of Prince Stolberg 



Oedern. in Gennanv, was born in 1768, and was married in 1772 to 



9 tarii- ... Jal 2? Rfw " p '*f U d U Young Pretender, grandson of 



James II. They resided at Rome, and had a little court, by which 



were addressed as king and quean. In 1780 Louisa left her 



Ml ill, "ho wai much older than herself, and with whom she did 



ot apse, and retired to a eonveat She afterward* went to France ; 



but upoo her husband's death in 1788, she returned to Italy, and 



!?Zi g !i U 7 i f* P* 00 *- >> WM thn secretly married to Count 



AlfUri. the Italian poet, who died at her house in 1803. She however 



, as the widow of the last of 

 blob happened at Florence, 



and of the art*, and her 



by the most distinguished person* at Florence. 

 "* " '"""nt by Caoova to bo erected in 1810, in the 

 Santa Cme, to the memory of AUUrL 



ALBATKOXIUS (Astronomer). D'Herbelot calls him Mohammed 

 Uon Oiaber, but Mr. Uayangos, who has given more particulars of him 

 than any one else (in the ' Iliogr. Diet' of the Society for D. U. K.), 

 names him iloltammrd /on JAlir Ibn Snuln AbA AbdUtah. The term 

 Albategnius is the Latinised form of El Batani, or El Bateni, from 

 Batenra Mesopotamia, where he was born. He lived in parts of the 

 !>th and 10th centuries, beginning bis astronomical observations in 

 A.D. 877, and continuing them till his death in 029. He generally 

 resided at Rakkah (Aracta) or at Baghdad. His writings comprise 

 abridgements of Ptolemeens and Archimedes, with comments ; a work 

 on astronomy, chronology, and geography; a treatise on the rising of 

 the constellations, and various other points of astronomy ; an elemen- 

 tary treatise on astronomy, and one on astrology, with minor works. 

 The treatise on the rising of the constellations (Lnlunde in verb. 

 'DeUmbre') was translated from Arabic by one Plato Tiburtinus, but 

 badly (as was detected by H alley ). This translation was twice printed : 

 first as ' Alfragani Rudimenta Astronomic, et Albategnii Liber do Motu 

 Stellarum . . . cum Job. de Regiomonto Oratione Introductoria . . . 

 Norimbergte, 1637,' 4to: next as 'Albateguii de Scientist Stellarum 

 Liber, cum aliquot Additionibus J. liegiotnontani . . . edidit Bernar- 

 dinus Ugulottus, Bononbe, 1645,' 4 to. Both editions leave out the 

 tables which the book was written to explain, from which it is difficult 

 to form a very accurate idea of the labours of Albategnius ; but there 

 is enough to show that he was an astronomer of great merit, and of a 

 very independent turn of thought : it is likely that he was among the 

 first, if not the very first, to find out that the data used by PtoltCMMS 

 required correction. He seems to have had no other guide : the Indian 

 numerals are not found in his work, so that it is difficult to suppose 

 that he derived any astronomy from that quarter. 



He was the first who rejected the chords, and substituted sines in 

 their place, and of this apparently trifling improvement we are reaping 

 the fruits to this day : he also used versed sines and (though without 

 seeing the full extent of their utility) tangents. He determined tha 

 obliquity of the ecliptic with the paraUactic instrument as described 

 by Ptolemanis, in such manner that his observation, compared with 

 those of our time, gives 0-505" for the annual diminution of that 

 element; our modern tables give it, at this time, 0'475 '. His sines 

 gave trigonometry, even iu his own hands, quite a new appearance 

 and a new power ; and he had a much greater number of methods in 

 spherical trigonometry than the Greeks. It is most likely that he 

 invented these himself, for he distinctly intimates himself to be tha 

 first who abandoned the chorda : the rules for finding the third side 

 from two sides and the included angle, and the angles from the sides, 

 must be attributed to him; with great simplifications in the doctrine 

 of right-angled triangles. He determined the length of the tropical 

 year, making it only 2m. 26s. too short ; a result much more exact 

 than that of Ptoletmeus. The same may bo said of his determina- 

 tions of the precession of the equinoxes, of the place of the solar 

 apogee, and of the eccentricity of the earth's orbit. Looking at his 

 determinations of the two latter, and seeing that he does not infer 

 that they are changeable elements, wo are left to conclude that ho 

 attributed the difference between himself and Ptolemicus to errors of 

 observation. But as it is by the research of Albategnius that succeeding 

 astronomers were able to infer the variability iu question, and as the 

 only reason for his not inferring it was bis well-grounded want of 

 confidence in Ptolemaous's results, he has the merit of the discovery. 

 Several writers have affirmed that he did announce it ; but incorrectly. 

 The changes which ho made in the lunar theory of Ptolemtcus are 

 slight, and in his plnnotary theory he has very little success. For a 

 fuller account of his work, see DeUmbre, ' Hist de 1'Astrou. Moyenno,' 

 p. 10-62. This learned and excellent historian, who rarely lete an 

 author go without stripping a few leaves from his crown, shows 

 Albategnius to great advantage in comparison with Ptolemrous as an 

 observer, and with his European follower liegiuiuontanus as a theorist : 

 and the subject of our article may fairly take rank as the greatest of 

 the Arabic school, which forms the link between that of the Greeks 

 and our own. 



ALBEMAHLE, DUKK OF. [Moult.] 



ALBERONI, QUILIO, CARDINAL, was born in the state of 

 Piaoeoca, in May, 1664. Ho was bred to the church, and became 

 curate of a country parish. The Duke of Vondome, who commanded 

 the French army in Italy during the war of the Spanish Succession 

 in 1702-1704, happening to be in the states of Parma, and being in want 

 of corn for his troops, sent for AlberouL The curate had become 

 personally known several years before to Campistron, the poet, one of 

 the duke s followers, when the Utter, travelling through Italy, and 

 being stripped by robbers in the same neighbourhood, was kindly 

 taken home by him, and his wants supplied. Alberoui, who was a 

 man of natural abilities and quickness, rendered himself useful to the 

 French general ; on which account however he became obnoxious to 

 the opposite, or imperial party. When Vrnddmo was recalled fnmi 

 Italy he took Alberoui with hint, and obtained for him a pension of 

 1000 French crowns from Louis XIV. Alberoni followed the duka 

 into Spain, where the war was then raging iu Catalonia. Vendomc 

 employed Alberoni in his negociations with the court of Philip V., 

 where at that time the Princess Jes U rains enjoyed the greatest influ- 

 ence. Alberoni found favour with the princess, whoso intriguing mind 

 was congenial to bis own, and he became her confidant Through her 



