AU PASHA. 



ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD. 



lei 



UM Port* He thm obUioed UM i 



commission of executing the 



___i of death ' against Selim Pasha of Delvino. In reward for 

 this service he wo* appointed lieutenant to the new Dorwend Pasha 

 of Roomili, in which office be enriched himself by sharing with the 

 kWphtis UM produce of their spoils. In consequence of this traffic 

 the road* soon (warmed with robbers ; repeated complaints reached 

 UM PorU, and the Dcrwend Pasha was recalled and beheaded. The 

 it~rt^...t alto, being rimnvMvH, instead of appearing, sent present* 

 to several members of the divan, and thus evaded punishment 



Alt's reputation for bravery and decision WM however established 

 at Constantinople, and when the war broke out in 1787, between the 

 PorU and the two courts of Austria and Russia, he was appointed to 

 a command in the arniy under the viiier Jussuf. Having distinguished 

 himself in the field, be was next appointed to the poshalic of Tricala 

 in Thsssslj. and WM moreover named Derwend Pasha of RoumilL 

 He now raised a body of 4000 men, all Albanians and old klephtis, 

 with whom he soon cleared the roads of robbers, and thus won merit 

 with UM PorU. He now turned his views towards Jannina, the 

 capital of southern Albania, or Epirus, where utter anarchy prevailed. 

 flufateil by his friends in the town, he entered it and took possession 

 of UM citadel. He then, by bribery and other means, got himself 

 led in the pasiulic which he had usurped ; and by a rigorous 

 sm extinguished all factions, restored tranquillity, and the people 

 ti-fied with the change. The Porte, seeing this so long turbu- 

 lent province reduced to subjection, forgave Ali for a deception of 

 which UM divan had been apprised only when it was too late. 



Ali extended his dominion over all Epirus, and also into Acaruania 

 and JStolia, or western Greece, by successfully attacking the revolted 

 Armatoles or Greek militias who, under the corrupt and supine Turkish 

 government, infested instead of protecting the country. He attacked 

 the Suliotes, a people inhabiting a mountainous district about 30 

 miles S.S.W. from Jannina. After a brave and protracted resistance 

 of more than ten years, the Suliotes agreed to evacuate their country 

 in December, 1803, but on attempting to retreat, in order to embark 

 at Parga, All's soldiers fell upon them, and the scenes that followed 

 were dreadful. None of the Suliotes surrendered ; almost all perished. 

 In one instance, a small party, being completely surrounded, retreated 

 towards a precipice, the women leading the way ; being arrived on the 

 brink, they first threw their children into the abyss below, after which 

 they all, husbands and wives, fathers and sons, brothers and sisters, 

 linked band in hand, ran down the declivity, and mutually impelled 

 each other into the precipice, in sight of their disappointed enemies. 

 Only a few, who escaped before the attack, managed to reach Parga, 

 and thence embarked for Corfu, at that time occupied by the Russians. 

 A remnant of these unfortunate exiles were subsequently, under the 

 auspices of England, restored to their native country. But Ali was 

 shackled on the sea-side of his dominions : he therefore attacked and 

 reduced in succession the fortress towns on the coast of the Adriatic 

 and the Gulf of Art*, which, formerly dependencies of Venice, were 

 then in the hands of the French, of which Prevesa and Parga were 

 the most eminent Their capture was attended with almost every 

 circumstance of ferocity and cruelty that am make war revolting. 



Ali extended his dominions to the north into Albania Proper, by the 

 conquest of the pastiche of Berat, which he effected more by intrigue 

 than by force. He likewiie occupied the government of Ochrida in 

 Upper Albania, by joining in the attack ordered by the Porte against 

 the rebellious pasha of Skodra, or Scutari, and then kept it for himself. 

 The Porte was obliged to wink at these usurpations. Ali was even 

 appointed for a twelvemonth Roumili-Valicy, or supreme inspector of 

 th principal division of the empire, and he went to reside at Monastir, 

 at the head of 24,000 men. His extortions in Roumelia were very 

 great His own dominions in the latter part of his life extended over 

 all Epirus, one half of Albania Proper, port of Thessaly, and the whole 

 of western Greece, from the Lake of Ochrida on the north, to the 

 Gulf of Leponto on the south, and from Mount Pindus to the Adriatic. 

 Ali was now vizier or pasha of three toils : his second on, Vehli, was 

 made pe>ha of the Morea ; and his elder son, Mouktar, a thorough 

 soldier, distinguished himsrlf in the service of the Sultan during the 

 campaign of 1809 gainst the Russians. The youngest of all, Sslih 

 Bey, who was his father's favourite, and destined to succeed him, was 

 bronchi up with particular care under good tutors and teachers. 

 AU Pasha, although hated by the Porte, might have ended bis days in 

 praos; his power mode him feared, and his advanced age was on 

 inducement to the Sultan to wait patiently for bis natural death. But 

 an attempt to procure UM assassination of one of his confidants who 

 bad abandoned him, and obtained an appointment in the seraglio at 

 Constantinople, aroused the ire of the SulUn. Ali WM excommuni- 

 cated, sod all the pashas of Europe were ordered to march against 

 him. This was at the beginning of 1820, and at length Ali WM com- 

 prlled to abandon Janniua, and to surrender himself on being promised 

 the Sultan's pardon. His own perfidy WM now retorted on himself. 

 He WM mnrdrred ; his bead WM cut off, and sent to Constantinople, 

 where it WM exhibited before the gate of the nenglio. His sons 

 shared their father's fate. Thus AU Pasha, at sevcnty-two years of 

 sg, closed his Kuilty but extraordinary career, in February, 1822. 



The character of such a man is easily ascertained from the account 

 of bis life. The cruelty of bis revenge WM even fiendi.h. His 

 administration rested upon the principles of terror ; he certainly cxtir- 



pated the robbers and other criminals, and rendered his territories 

 perfecUy secure from all depredations but his own. This necurity, in 

 i country like Turkey, was full as a boon, and oommerco improved in 

 some meaxure by it. Jaunina became one of the most flourishing 

 towns of Turkey, and its population bail increased to 40,000 inhabit- 

 ants. Ali was a Mussulman only by name : lie fully protected the 

 Greeks, and other Christians, in the exercise of their religion, and 

 allowed them to have schools, and even a lyceum and a library. Ali 

 treated all his subjects, Albanians, Turks, or Greeks, alike, and without 

 partiality ; the Turks were perhaps those who liked him the least, 

 because he did not allow them to ill-use tho rest of the people, as in 

 other ports of Turkey. 



AL1MENTDS, CINCIUS. [Ciscius ALIMEKTUS.] 



ALISON, REV. ARCHIBALD, was born in 1757 in Edinburgh, of 

 which city his father, Andrew Alison, was a magistrate. In 1772 

 Archibald was sent to the University of Glasgow, whence he proceeded 

 with an exhibition to Balliol College, Oxford, where he matriculated, 

 November 9th, 1775. He took the degree of A.M. aud that of LL.R. 

 March 23rd, 1784, in which year he entered into holy order*, and 

 married the daughter of Dr. John Gregory of Edinburgh. He was 

 soon afterwards appointed to the curacy of Brnnoepeth, Durham. Ho 

 obtained the perpetual curacy of Kenley in Shropshire in 1790, n 

 prebendal utall in Salisbury Cathedral in 1791, the vicarage of I 

 In Shropshire in 1794, and the living of Roddington in Shropshire in 

 1797. In 1800 he was invited to become senior minister of the epis- 

 copal chapel, Cowgate, Edinburgh. Ho accepted the invitation, and 

 continued to officiate for the congregation, which afterwards removed 

 to St. Paul's chapel, a handsome new gothic building in York-place, 

 till 1831, when severe illness compelled him to withdraw from the 

 performance of his public duties. He died in 1839, at the age of 82. 



The Rev. Mr. Alison was the author of ' Essays on the Nature and 

 Principles of Taste ;' ' Sermons, chiefly on Particular Occasions,' 2 vols. 

 8vo., 1814, 1815, and several editions since ; and ' A Memoir on the 

 Life and Writings of the Hon. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Wood- 

 houselee,' in the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,' 

 1818. 



His literary reputation chiefly depends on his ' Essays on Taste,' 

 which were first published in 1790, but which made little iinpi 

 on the public till the second edition, with additions, came out in 1811, 

 when the work became the subject of an encomiastic article by J> iiVey 

 in the ' Edinburgh Review,' and it then became popular ; its popularity 

 however was but evanescent. Tho work consists of two essays; the 

 first ' Of the Nature of the Emotions of Sublimity and Beauty,' the 

 second ' Of the Sublimity and Beauty of the Material World ;' the 

 whole work is divided into chapters, sections, and parts, with much 

 appearance of philosophical accuracy, but with little either of conijire- 

 henaireness or precision in the treatment of the subjects. His notion 

 of sublimity is vague; sometimes he seems to understand the word in 

 the common acceptation, as super-eminent grandeur of any kind ; 

 sometimes in the sense in which it is used by Longinus, as anything 

 calculated to produce a powerful emotion. The vagueness of his 

 notion of beauty may be more easily excused, since, as the term is 

 generally applied to any object of nature or art calculated to produce 

 a pleasing feeling in the mind, the causes of the emotion of beauty are 

 necessarily multifarious, and subject to no general rule. Alison does 

 not treat of taste as an appreciating and discriminating faculty of the 

 mind depending on the judgment, or as the judgment applied to the 

 fine arts and to the objects and scenes of nature about which those 

 arts are conversant ; hut aa an emotion caused by objects or I 

 calculated to excite certain associations of ideas and trains of thought, 

 which, according to him, are the real causes of the emotion. His 

 views are indeed little better than a series of opinions formed with 

 little power of thought, and falsified in many parts by the application 

 of the doctrine of association, which, however true aa applied to parti- 

 cular cases, is not true when applied as the primary cause of the 

 emotions of sublimity and beauty, or as the leading principle of ta*te 

 itelf. His style is not unpleasing, but it is diffuse, aud deficient in 

 distinctness and precision. 



ALISON, SIR ARCHIBALD, Bart, son of the precc.liu-, w:u 

 born December 29, 1792, at Kenley, Shropshire, of which pla 

 father was then vicar. His father removed to Edinburgh iu 1800, 

 and carried his Bon with him. In the schools and univeraiiy of that 

 city the future historian received his education ; and there, in 1M 1. 

 he was called as on advocate to the Scottish bar. Ilia earliest literary 

 appearance was as a writer on the criminal law of Scotland, and as a 

 contributor to the periodical publications. But the work on which 

 his literary reputation depends is the ' History of Europe, from the 

 Commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration 

 of the Bourbons in 1815,' the first volume of which appeared in 1839. 

 This work supplied a want in contemporary historical literature, and 

 achieved a great success. It has already passed through numerous 

 editions, the latest being a library edition (the eighth), in fourteen 

 volumes, an edition of smaller size, in twenty volumes, bc- 

 choap edition ; and it has been translated into most of the Euro]" .111 

 and more than one of the Eastern languages. The history is written 

 with a strong party bias, is singularly verbose and perplexed in style, 

 and is deficient in many of the qualities of a historical work of a high 

 class ; but it is full of matter, the result of great and comprehensive 



