: ' 



ALLAH, SIR WILLIAM. 



ALLEN, JOSEPH W. 



1M 



kind of brother hmeh with him. ' Pride in poets U n*e sin ;' and I 

 will aay it, thai I look on Mr. A Hun n.l Mr. Burnt to bo the only 

 (mine Ji.l rral |intrr..f Scottish costume in tho v.orl.1 

 AIU did not think thmt Ilurns's ' stock n.l horn ' were any improve 

 irat apoa hi* own ; be aid it wu only fit for " routing *n<l roaring." 



<Cniiiinoam. Lira o/ ffriluk Painlert, Ac ) 



ALIAS, Sll WILLIAM, wu bom in Edinburgh in 17*i After 

 receiving hi* early education at the High School, ha wai placed with 

 coach-painter ; but displaying itrong attachment to art, he wan 

 tared an a pupil in the Trustees' Academy, where Wilkie w bil 

 fellow-student. When hi* term expired he proceeded to London, and 

 bfoame a student of the Royal Academy. In 1805 hi* fint picture 

 of a ' Qipty Boy and AM* appeared at the exhibition of that initiation. 

 Not succeeding in at once attracting publio attention, Allnn retched 

 to try hi* fortune abroad, and selected St Petersburg for the scene of 

 hi* experiment ; incited partly, it U mid, by the expectation of finding 

 novel and picturesque object* for the exercise of hi* pencil. He 

 """l-*"* in Rank nearly ten yean, making occasional journeys to 

 duunt part* of the country, to Turkey, Tartary, the shore* of the 

 BUek Sea. 4c., and everywhere industriously employing himself in 

 gathering material* for hi* art 



On his return to Scotland in 18 H, he made a public exhibition of 

 hi* (ketches and finished pictures of Ruraian, Tartarian, and Circassian 

 so HIM and costume. Among the pictures was a Urge one of 'Circassian 

 Captive*,' which at the toggwtion of Sir Walter Scott was purchased 

 by one hundred gentlemen, who subscribed ten guineas each ; it fell 

 to the lot of the Earl of Wemyss, in whose possession it now is. From 

 this time Allan settled in his native city, sending regularly some of bis 

 work* to the exhibition of the Royal Academy. For a while his pencil 

 WM chiefly employed on picture* suggested by the countries in which 

 he had travelled ; he then turned to the annals of his native land, and 

 for several years wu mostly engaged in illustrating the history or the 

 romance of Scotland. To this period belong the ' Murder of Arch- 

 bishop Sharpe,' 'Parting of Prince Charles Stuart and Flora Macdonatil,' 

 ' Knox admonishing Mary Queen of Scots,' ' Murder of the Regent 

 Murray,' and others of hi* best works. In consequence of a disease 

 in the eyes be was compelled for a year or two to cease from painting, 

 and being advised to try a change of climate, he visited Italy, Asia 

 Minor, and Greece. On resuming bis pencil, his 'Slave Market at 

 Constantinople,' and pictures of a like kind, showed that he bad 

 profited by his travels. 



Meanwhile he had been gaining the distinctions awarded to success 

 in his profession. In 1825 he was elected associate of the lloyal 

 Academy. In 1835 he became It A. In 18.18 he was chosen, on the 

 death of Mr. Wataon, to be president of the Scottish Academy. On 

 the death of Wilkie in 1840 Allan was appointed to succeed him as 

 her Majesty'* Limner for Scotland ; and in 1842 he received the honour 

 of knighthood. Sir William Allan was best known by his Russian and 

 Circassian osnrt pieces, and by his Scottish historical works. In all of 

 them there is much akill and refinement, but in none any very evident 

 marks of a high order of genius. But he was also a very successful 

 painter of a peciil class of portraits, such, for instance, as his ' Scott 

 in his Study Writing,' and its companion, 'Scott in his Study Reading;' 

 and in his later years he essayed with success the more laborious task 

 of depicting scene* of actual warfare. Of these the most important 

 w*t two picture* of the ' Battle of Waterloo,' which met with the 

 marked approval of the Duke of Wellington, and one of which his 

 irrao* purchased ; the ' Buttle of Preston Pans ;' ' Nelson Boarding tho 

 Han Nicolas ;' and the ' Battle of Bannockburn,' a large painting, on 

 which be was engaged at the time of his death. One of his hist con- 

 siderable works, ' Peter the Great teaching his Subjects the Art of 

 Ship-building,' was a commission from the Emperor of ItusMo. 



Sir William Allan died on the 23rd of February, 1S50. As a painter 

 be was generally acknowledged by his countrymen to be at the bead 

 of Scottish art, by right of his talent as well as of hi* office. 



ALLATIU8, LEO, an eminent literary man of the 17th century. 

 He was a Greek, born hi the island of Chio* in 1586. Being carried 

 orer to Italy at an early age, he was taken under the protection of a 

 powerful family in Calabria, and educated in the Greek college at 

 Boo*. He revisited his native country, but soon returned to Rome, 

 where, altar a succession of litemry employments, he was appointed 

 librarian to the Vatican. For this post he wu well fitted by great 

 industry and a retentive memory ; and, in a long life, be edited in.mii- 

 cripto, translated Greek authors, and published many original works, 

 which display more learning and power of collecting materials than 

 ts-te or jodfOMOt A Greek by birth, he wu one of the most 



strenuous and bicoted upholder* of the Roman Church and of papal 

 UUUHbUity, and hesitated not to invoke fire and sword u tho legiti- 

 BMte mean* of converting obstinate heretics. (See hi* treatise De 



a 



*isi. 



OeeWeoUllsetOrlenUUs 

 la the Ule of 



OrlenUlis wrpstua Coneasioue,') Ho founded 

 Chios, and died at Rome in the year 1669, 



ALLECTCT8, OM of the officers of Carausius, king of Britain, in 

 Ike KSJM of Diocletian. Cootantia* Chlorus (whom Diocletian and 

 pie MaximUn had raised to the dignity of Cnsar, and 

 to the command of Gaul and the conduct of the war 

 gumrt Canaaiw), bavins; attempted to cross over to Britain (A.D. 

 W), bad been obllgr*), by stow* of vraatber, to return. During the 



ti.. 



interval which succeeded this attempt, Carausins wu murdered by 

 Allectui (A I). 293), who was afraid of l im: puniabed with death for 

 Home crime* of which he wax now awiuuifl <li- 



sovereignty, and stationed his fleet near the Islo of Wight to prevent 

 the enemy from crossing; but Conatantius sent forward And. 

 lus, pnctorian prafecl, with a portion of his fleet and army, who, 

 undi-r cover of a dense fog, effected n landing. All 

 arrival of that part of the expedition which wu under Coin-'. 

 himself, leaving his fleet and the harbour near which he was encn 

 marched against Asclepiodotus, who had burned his fleet immediately 

 after landing, that his men might have no resource but in victory. 

 Allectus did not attempt to draw up his forces in regular ..i-, '. 

 rushed at once to the encounter, and wu defeated and slain witli a 

 great number of his men. He bad laid aside his imperial robes, so 

 that his body wu recognised with some difficulty. .my of 



Asclepiodotus's soldier* fell. If the statement of Kutropius and 

 Orosius be correct, that Allectus held the sovereignty of the island 

 for three years, we may place his death in the year 29G. CousUntiu* 

 landed shortly after the fall of Allectu*, and was received with great 

 demonstrations of joy; and the imperial authority was fully re- 

 established in the island. (Eutropius, JIutoriic Jtomana Breviaritun ; 

 Orosius, 2/ittoria.) 



ALLEGRI, C. ANTONIO. [CoRREOOio.] 



ALLEN, JOHN, M.D., a writer on subjects connected with meta- 

 physics, history, and physiology, wai born in January, 1770, t 

 fnrl, iu the parish of Colinton, near Edinburgh. The domain of 

 Redford, situated on the slope of the Pentlaud Hills, wu his paternal 

 property, and the mansion-house still attests the moderate but sub- 

 stantial wealth of his ancestors, lie studied at Edinburgh, where he 

 took a degree in medicine in 1791. He soon afterwards connected 

 himself with the movements in Scotland for the furtherance of 

 parliamentary reform. In 1795 be published 'Illustrations of Mr. 

 Hume's Essay concerning Liberty and Necessity, in answer to Dr. 

 Gregory of Edinburgh, by a Necessitarian.' This small tract is iu 

 many respects characteristic of his subsequent more distinguished 

 works, in the felicity with which it adopts a broad and comprehensive 

 view, as Well as in the clearness with which it adheres to one unbroken 

 line of reasoning, and keeps clear of divergencies and incidental 

 questions. In 1SOI he translated from Cuvier, whose friendship ho 

 enjoyed, 'An Introduction to the Study of the Animal Economy.' 

 It appears to have been about tho commencement of this century tlmt 

 he formed an intimacy with Lord Holland, with whom he continued 

 to reside until that nobleman's death. After the peace of Amiens, 

 Dr. Allen accompanied Lord and Lady Holland through France and 

 Spain, and resided with them in the hitter country until the year 

 1805. He made large collections relating to the past history of Spain, 

 and to its social and political position. He became an extensive 

 contributor to the ' Edinburgh Review,' on subjects chiefly connected 

 with the British constitution, and with French and Spanish history. 

 Forty-one articles iu that periodical are attributed to him, and his 

 researches in a great measure served to establish and characterise its 

 opinions on constitutional questions. His earliest papers were on 

 Spanish and South American subjects. The earliest article on con- 

 stitutional subjects attributed to him is that on the Kegency question, 

 May, 1811. In the number for June, 1816, an elaborate essay on tin- 

 constitution of parliament, full of original investigation, is believed 

 to have been from his pen. He wrote in the same periodical some 

 papers on the ' History of England ' by Lingard, which occasioned a 

 pamphlet controversy with that author, chiefly relating to the massacre 

 of St, Bartholomew, tho authorities for which ho charged Lingard 

 with having referred to at second hand. The latest article which he 

 is supposed to have contributed to the Review is that on Church 

 Rates, October, 1839. He wrote the History of Europe in tint 

 'Annual Register' for 1806; and in 1820 a 'Biographical Sketch of 

 Mr. Fox.' In 1830 he published a small but valuable coustitut.in:il 

 work, called an 'Inquiry into the Rise and Growth of the Royal 

 Prerogative in England,' which has been republished, with his final 

 revisions, since his death. Dr. Allen published several other pam- 

 phlets, some of them on subjects of comparatively temporary interest. 

 For some years before his death he held the lucrative appointment of 

 Muter of Dulwich College. He was a member of the Record Com- 

 mission; and he held the office of under-secretary of the com- 

 missioners for treating with America in 1806. He died April 3, 

 1843. His character has been eloquently drawn by his friend Lord 

 Brougham, in the third series of the 'Historical Sketches of the 

 Statesmen of the Time of George III.," pp. 342-348. 



ALLEN, JOSEPH W., a landscape painter of considerable repu- 

 tation, wu born at Lambeth, Surrey, in 1803. His father wu a 

 schoolmuter, and the son wu designed to follow the same profession. 

 Having completed his education at St. Paul's school, ho for a time 

 practised u an usher at Taunton, but he soon threw aside the pen 

 nd the ferula, and returned to London iu the hope of maintaining 

 uimself by the pencil While acquiring the tcchniculitics of bin art 

 lie was often reduced to great straits. At first he was constrained to 

 paint signs and transparencies for blind-makers ; and when ho wu 

 more advanced he had for a long period to manufacture paintings for 

 picture-dealers. Under the necessity of producing many showy 

 picture* at low prices he noon acquired considerable mechanical 



