AMADIS DK OAULA. 



AMARA. 



148S. Alter reta tmUod by the inaurraction. of his brothers he 



tor more d.UuUd account of theee sovereign-, MM 



UM fliaareWUpg/ IkclvHwy of H Svtittg for On IHf<au> of l'*jl 



ft 



;>1S DE (JAl'I.A. tbe hero of an old romance of chivalry, 

 written in Spaniah pros* by Vasco Lobeira, towards the end of the 

 llth century. It we* afterward* oorreeUd and edited in more modern 

 Spam.1. by llaroU Ordonei of MonUlvo. about the beginning of the 

 1Mb century, and became a very popular book in Italy and France ; 

 it WM trandated into French by D'Herberay, and printed in 1555. 

 with many additions, under tbe mia-translatod title of ' Amadis doe 

 Oanles,' meaning France. In tbe original Spanish romance Hauls ia 

 Walee. and the subject, character., and localities are Briti.h. The 

 story allude* to bbttlou* fesU between tbe Welsh and the English, 

 previous to those of Arthur and the Knight* of tl.e Round Table; 

 UM Roman, and Saxon* are united against the Prince of Qaula or 

 Wales, and the Saxon, are represented a* faithless and treacherous. 

 It is probable that Vaaeo Lobeira took tbe groundwork of hi. story 

 from some older British or Welsh legend. The 'Amadis' is can- 

 siderad as one of the most interesting work, in the whole library of 

 chivalry and romance. Tbe French version of D'Herberay was trans- 

 lated into English by Anthony Munday (1019}, and part of this 

 version was freely rendered into verse by William Stewart Rose 

 (1803). In 1803 Southey published a prose translation from the 

 Spanish version of Garcia Ordonei. 



AMALARIC, the last Visigoth king of Spain, was the sou of 

 AUric IL, and grandson of Theodorio II. At tbe death of his father, 

 A.O. 506, he was only five years of age ; and Gensaleic, a bastard son 

 of AUric, waa elected king of the Goths in Spain. Theodorio, who 

 was tben in Italy, sent hi* general Theudis with a powerful army to 

 protect tbe rights of his grandson. Gensaleio was defeated, and 

 Tbeudis was entrusted with the guardianship of the child and the 

 government of Spain. When Amalaric became of age he was acknow- 

 ledged king of the Goths, both in Spain and in Gothic GauL In 

 order to secure hi* French posaeasions he solicited and obtained the 

 band of Clotilda, daughter of Clovis, king of tbe Franks; but this 

 marriage proved in the end an unfortunate one. It is stated that in 

 coasequrnce of religious differences he barbarously treated his queen. 

 Her brother Cbildebert, or Childibert, king of Paris, mustered a Urge 

 army and marched against his brother-in-law. The two armies met, 

 according to some author*, in Gothic Gaul, and, according to others, 

 in CaUlonis. Both French and Spaniard* fought with equal valour 

 and obstinacy. At last the Spaniards were defeated, and Amalaric 

 took refuge in a church, where he wo* killed, in the year 531. The 

 conqueror, after having plundered the Arian churches, returned to 

 France with his sister. 



Amalaric was tbe last of the Visigoth kings, and the first who 

 ntablUbed the court at Seville. On bis death, Theudis, on Ostrogoth 

 or Ka- tern Goth, was elected king. 



(See Mariana, v. 7 ; Prooopius, De Bella GoOtorum, i.) 



AM A LI K. ANNA, princess of Prussia, was a daughter of Frederick 

 Wiiliam I , king of 1'rusmia, and sister of Frederick the Great She 

 was born on the Vth of November, 1 723. The Princes. Amalie showed 

 great talent from her childhood, and especially for music, which she 

 cultivated to peneveringly that, at least in theoretical and historical 

 knowledge, she was scarcely equalled iu her time. Music was through- 

 oat lib almost her sol* occupation. At the age of twenty-one she 

 became princes, abbes, of Quedliuburg, where .be devoted all her 

 time to music, with the exception of what she had to give to the 

 administration of UM extensive estates of the abbey. She died March 

 30, 17 ~ 7. 



AMALIE, wile of tbe Duke of Saxe Weimar, lost her husband when 

 ake was hardly twenty year* of age, and found herself at the head of 

 UM government in troubled tiroes, during the wars between the two 

 great German powers, Austria and Frederick of Prussia. The Duchess 

 of Weimar however contrived to direct in safety the affairs of her little 

 state, and after tbe restoration of peace she turned all her thoughts to 

 tbe internal improvement of her country. The city of Weimar became 

 tbe resort of tbe most distinguished literary men of Germany, whom 

 tbe dacbtes encouraged by her liberal patronage to come and reside 

 iJfe e I t WWw>d . O" 1 "*. Herder, and Schiller, formed a oon- 

 Waitioa i of feniu. of which any city might be proud. Wieland was 

 i tutor to tbe two eons of tbe duchess. Oothe was induced 



distinguished pUos in UM ducal council. Herde/wos ap'powted court 

 ITn'ihiii'A 00 ' ul* ''* 1 -'^ 11 ^ 1 '' "J*?- in ! l ector -?? *"? *&<> o] * T" 



. 



r from public life in 1775, having given up 

 .-.-, -> her eldest son, then of age : she retired to 

 her delightful onlry residence of Tieffurth. whenf.he continued to 

 urroond herself with men of talent and learning. In 1788 she under- 

 journey to Ilaly, parti, to restore her health, and partly to 

 !*A~B dip r >l k?Wn of the work, of art in which Italy 



abounds. She returned 



from this journey in 170, accompanied by 

 henceforth continued to live surrounded by poet*, 

 devoting bar own time to the cultivation of 

 until tbe year 1806; wbea the misfortune of tbe battle of 



UrmBy. broke her heart. Gotheaa;. 

 'plain of Ulntso, aad showed no symptom 



of suffering, she gradually waited away. Her death took place on the 

 1 oih ..f April, 1807. 



AMALUIC, or ARNAULD, nil influential chief of tl.<- crusade 

 against the Albigensee, waa born about tlie middle of the 12th cen- 

 tury, and died September 39, 1225. Ho was first Abbot of 1'oblet in 

 Catalonia, then of Oraudselve, and lastly of Citoaux. He was in the 

 enjoyment of this hut dignity when iu 1'Jul Innocent III. associated 

 him with the legates Uaoul and 1'ierre do Castelnau in tbo uiiuiou to 

 extirpato, throughout France, the heresy of the Albigeunes. Ha 

 preached a crusade ajaiust them ; many of his contemporaries, several 

 of whom were prince, and lords, took part in it; and he was nomi- 

 nated generalissimo of the crusaders. In 1209, after taking several 

 castle* and many times routing the enemy's forces, he besieged and 

 took Boxier*. Sixty thousand inhabitant* were massacred, and the 

 town, plundered and depopulated, wr made a prey to the flames. 

 Before the commencement of the massacre the crusaders inquired of 

 their commander Amalrio how they were to distinguish the Catholics 

 in tbe town from the heretics, " Kill them all," replied the abbot ; 

 " God knows hU own." On the tor mi nation of thU bloody expedition 

 Aiuolric conducted his army to Carcagaone, to which place he laid 

 siege. The garrison, commanded by the Viscount Ktituoml Roger, 

 after a long and obstinato resistance, was obliged to capitulate. 

 Amalric permitted them to pass out of the town in their nhirta and 

 trousers ; but, contrary to the conditions of the treaty, he detained 

 the viscount, whom he caused to perish iu close confinement. Amalric 

 was presented to the archbishopric of Narlxmne in 1212; thence ho 

 went into Spain with the troops, and contributed to the defeat of a 

 Moorish king. On his return to Franco ho embroiled himself iu a 

 quarrel with Count Simon de Montfort about the title of Duke de 

 Narbonne, which he had assumed. Amalrio exuomnnmicate.1 Simon, 

 and entered into a league against him with the Count of Toulouse. 

 (Nouvclle Biographic Universdle.) 



AMALTEO, 1'OMPONIO, a distinguished painter of the Venetian 

 school, born at San Vito in the Friuli, in 1505. He was the scholar 

 of Pordenone, and painted much iu the stylo of that master, though 

 he was less bold in execution, and inferior to him iu invention. I In 

 Three Judgments however, in tho court of justice, or loggia, at 

 Cenedo, which were completed in 1530, were long supposed to be the 

 works of Pordeuone, both on account of their style and the mis-state- 

 ment of Hidolli. They aro the Judgment of Solomon, the Judgmeut 

 of Daniel, and a Judgment of Trajan ; and are considered Auiolteo'i 

 masterpieces. Vasari praises, in the ' Life of Pordenone,' some 

 frescoes by Amalteo in the castle of .San Vito, for which he was 

 ennobled by Cardinal Griinaui, the signer of San Vito, and patriarch 

 of Aquilca. Amalteo wag distinguished for good drawing, a quality 

 rare among the Venetian painters. Tho date of his death is not 

 known. 



Pomponio's brother and pupil, Oirolomo Amalteo, who died young, 

 had also great ability, but ho generally painted small pictures highly 

 finished. 



(Alton, MtmorU inlorno alia Vita di Pomponio Amalteo, in the 

 Oiiiucoli CcUogeriani, vol. xlviii. ; Rcnaldis, Delia Pittura 1'ritdana ; 

 Lauzi, Sloria Piitorica.) 



AM AN, JOHANN, an architect who executed many important 

 buildings in Germany, was born at St Blasien iu Baden, iu 1765. In 

 his early practice as an artist he was remarkable for his ability as a 

 painter on gloss. His practice as an architect cotnmcucfd in 1~'>1. 

 and he was employed by various German princes, aud by the I'.:: 

 of Austria, till his death in 1834. 



AM AHA, or AMAHAS1NHA, an ancient Hindoo grammarian, and 

 author of one of the oldest and most esteemed original vocabularies 

 of Sanskrit nouns, called after his name, ' Arnara Kasha,' that is, the 

 Thesaurus of Arnara, but sometimes quoted uuder tho title of ' Tri- 

 kuiidn,' that is, the Tripartite. Owing to the almost total want of 

 records on the internal history of India, the era at which Ainara lived 

 can only be ascertained by conjecture. Numerous authorities assert 

 that he was a contemporary of king Vikramaditya ; and his name is 

 iucluded in a memorial verse among the Nine Gems, or nine distin- 

 guished poets and scholars who adorned the court of that prince. The 

 exact date of this Vikramodityo's reign is however still subject to discus- 

 sion, as in Indian history several kings of that name occur. Tradition 

 places Amara and the Nine Gems generally under the first Vikrama- 

 ditya, 50 year, before our era. Mr. Beutley (' Asiatic Researches,' 

 vol. vii. pp. 242-244) supposes the Vikramaditya under whose reign 

 Amara lived, to be the successor of Raja Bhuja-deva, as sovereign of 

 Dhara in Malwa, who reigned during the latter port of the ) 1th century. 

 Mr. Colebrooke ('Algebra from the Sanskrit,' Introd. pp. 45-51) from 

 astronomical data in the work of Varahamihira (another of the Nine 

 Gems), bus assumed tho close of the 5th century, or about the year 

 472, as the probable epoch when that astronomer wrote, and Vikra- 

 tnaditya and the Niue Gems lived. This opinion, with regard to 

 Amors, is supported by the frequent reference made to his Dictionary 

 as to an ancient and classical work of standard authority, by numerous 

 writers, to many of whom an antiquity of several centuries at least 

 can be confidently attributed. 



Of Amara'a life little i* known. He embraced the tenets of tho 

 Buddhas, a heterodox sect; and all his compositions, with the excep- 

 tion of bis Dictionary, porished ia tho persecutions raised by the 



