AXDEBSOK. JOHN". 



ANDRE, JOHN. 



HI 



AXDF.RSOX. JOHN, the founder of the Andersonian Institution 

 of OUagow. apd oae of the earliest promoter* of that popular 

 in islsoes which he* so greatly elevated the character of 

 , wa* bora in the parish of Roeeneath, Dumbartonshire, 

 fa 17M. He wae grandson of the Rev. John Anderson, an eminent 

 Boot oh Prmbyterian minister end theological writer, and the first 

 mill IT of the Ram's Horn church, now St. Stephen's, Olaow. He 

 was l<4t an orphan at an early age, and wa* educated at Stirling by an 

 aunt, and while there he became an officer in a burgher corps, railed 

 in February. 1744, to defend the town against the forces of the young 

 Chevalier Stuart. He received the more advanced branches of his 

 edooation in the University of Olaagow ; in 1766 he was appointed 

 Piotsnor of Oriental Language* there, end in 1760, when residing at 

 Toulouse, be was appointed to the chair of Natural Philosophy, to the 

 duties of which, on hie return to Glasgow, he applied himself with 

 the utmost ardour. Mot contented with the ordinary duty of lecturing, 

 he employed himself indefstigably in studying and exemplifying the 

 applications of science to the useful arts, Tutting the workshops of 

 inultifwit artisans, and exchanging his scientific information for their 

 experimental knowledge. The better to carry out his view* of popular 

 education, Anderson commenced, in addition to his ordinary class, one 

 i he styled hie antiloyi class, for the instruction of artisans and 

 i unable to enter upon a regular academical course, to whom he 

 delivered familiar extempore lecture* illustrated by experiments, 

 lie*, were allowed to attend these lecture* in their working- 

 Anderson appear* to have had a taste for military science, 

 which he displayed in designing fortifications (which have long since 

 removed) to defend the town of Greenock from an anticipated 

 i from the French ; in experiments upon various projectiles ; 

 and fas the invention of a cannon in which the recoil produced by 

 firing WM rendered harmless, by the condensation of air in the body 

 of the carriage. This contrivance, after an ineffectual attempt to 

 introduce it to the notice of the British government, he took to Paris 

 in 1791, and presented to the National Convention, who dignified it 

 with the title of ' The Gift of Science to Liberty.' On this occasion 

 Anderson witnessed, and in some cases participated in, some of the 

 earlier scones of the French revolution. He was present when 

 Louis XVL wa* brought back from Varenne* on the occasion of his 

 attempted flight from Paris, and afterwards sung ' Te Deum ' with the 

 Bishop of Paris when the king took the oath to the Constitution in 

 the presence of sn immense assemblage. Among the ingenious 

 suggestions recorded u having emanated from Anderson was a plan, 

 which waa actually carried into effect, for conveying newspapers and 

 communications from France into Germany by means of 

 paper balloons inflated with gas, and thereby evading the 

 vigilance of a cordon of troops employed to intercept all ordinary 

 mean* of communication. 



In 1786 Anderson published a popular work, entitled 'Institutes of 

 Physics,' which pawed through five editions within ten years. He 

 wrote many articles for periodicals, and a paper upon the Roman anti- 

 quities between the Forth and the Clyde, which was appended to 

 General Roy's 'Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain,' pub- 

 lished in 1793, and also reprinted separately in 1800. He also wrote 

 4 Eseays upon War and Military Instruments,' which ore said to have 

 been translated and published in French, but of which we find no 

 English edition referred to. Anderson closed his useful career on the 

 13th of January, 1796, in the 70th year of bis age, after a connection 

 with the University of upwards of forty years, during which timo the 

 liberality of hi* opinion* led to some disagreements with his brother- 

 profeseon. He wa* buried at Glasgow. He was a Fellow of the 

 Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and of the Scottish Society 

 of Antiquaries, and a member of several other scientific bodies ; and 

 he had the academical degree of A.M. Shortly before his death he 

 devised his whole property by will to 81 trustees, for the establish- 

 ment in Glasgow of an institution to be denominated Anderson's 

 University, for the continued provision of those facilities for the 

 uneoademlcal elaase* of his townsmen which he had so long supplied 

 by Us own personal exertion*. Hi* comprehensive design was for an 

 institution consisting of four colleges, with nine professors each, for 

 aru, medicine, law, and theology ; but a* the fund* proved insufficient 

 to* to extensive a scheme, operations were commenced in 1797 on a 

 limited soale, by the appointment of Dr. Thomas Garnett as professor 

 of natural philosophy. His first course of lecture* wa* attended by 

 nearly thousand persons of both sexes. In the following year a 

 profeesor of mathematics and geography was appointed ; and, though 

 the institution hie never attained the magnitude Contemplated by the 

 founder, it ha* progreMvely increased and extended it* usefulness, and 

 has been productive of much public benefit Dr. Garnett wa* *uo- 

 eeeded in 1799 by Dr. Birkbeck, on occasion of his removal to the 

 Royal Institution m London, which wa* formed on a similar model to 

 that estebUebed by Anderson ; and Dr. Birkbeck, who introduced a 

 of instruction for 00 operative mechanics, free of all 

 i enoceeded in 1804 by Dr. Ure. A portrait of Anderson 

 Vie published in the 3rd volume of the ' Glasgow Mechanic*' Man- 

 fine, which contains a memoir, upon which the above .ketch is chiefly 

 Mtaoirs are also given in Chambers'* ' Biographical 



ANDO'CIDES, the son of Leogoras, of a noble Athenian family, 

 u born about H.c. 46s). We find him, during Uie war of the Corey- 

 lens and Corinthians, commanding jointly with Glaucon an Athenian 

 squadron which was sent to aid the Corcynsans. (Thucytl. i. 51.) 

 After this be appears to have been employed as ambassador on nume- 

 rous foreign missions. During the Peloponneaian war (about u.c. 415) 

 Andocide* was involved in the charge of mutilating th Hernia) 

 I ALCIBIADES], and, according to Plutarch, he saved himself by accusing 

 his real or imaginary accomplices. The history of all this transaction 

 is obscure. After this event Andocides went abroad, and visited many 

 foreign part*. On his return to Athens, the Four Hundred (B.C. 411) 

 directed the administration of affairs, nnd Andocides waa accused, 

 apparently on frivolous grounds, and thrown into prison. On the 

 overthrow of the Thirty Tyrants by Throsybulus (B.C. 403), Andocides 

 returned to Athens, and recovered all the influence which talents and 

 eloquence naturally gave au unprincipled man in the Athenian demo- 

 cracy. The remainder of his life U obscure. 



It U unfortunate that the events of this orator's rambling life are 

 not better known. The times during which he lived were full of 

 important occurrences, and a minute account of bin life and adventures 

 would have thrown great light on the internal history of Athens and 

 that of other states also. There is little doubt that he was a man of 

 ability, but without any principle. 



Four extant orations are attributed to Audocides : ' On the Myste- 

 ries : ' On his (second) ' Return to Athens : ' ' On the Peace with the 

 Lacedemonians : ' and that ' Against AlcibLides.' The authenticity of 

 the third and fourth are disputed, that of the third at least, perhaps 

 with good reason. The orations of Andocides were first publish.. 1 m 

 tho collection of Aldus, Venice, 1513, fol. They have been printed in 

 the collections of II. Stephens, Reiske, and Dobson. The best < 

 of the text is by Imm. Bekker in his ' Attic Orators,' 1822, 8vo. They 

 were edited separately by C. Schiller, Leipzig, 1835, Svo. ; and by 

 J. G. Baiter and Herin. Sauppe, Zurich, 1S3S, Svo. The orati!i on 

 the Mysteries was pronounced when Auducides was about seveutv 

 of age, in reply to an accusation brought against him by Callias of 

 violating a law respecting the temple of Ceres at Eleusia. The oration 

 contains, besides the immediate subject of the defence, much informa- 

 tion on other ports of the orator's life. It U an admirable specimen 

 of simple and perspicuous language, and equally remarkable fur tho 

 skill with which the defence U conducted. 



ANDREA JOHN, was born in London, in 1751, of parents originally 

 from Geneva. He was sent to Geneva for his education, but returned 

 to England before the age of eighteen, and was thrown by the chance 

 of residence into the literary circle of Miss Anna Sewurd, at Licutield. 

 He there formed an attachment for Miss Houora Kucyd, a young and 

 accomplished friend of Miss Seward's. An intended marriage was 

 prevented by the interference of the friends of tho parties on tho ground 

 of their youth, and it was arranged that Andrei should engage in 

 mercantile pursuits, with a view of making some provision for his 

 intended wife. He accordingly entered hU father'* countiug-house in 

 London; but he soon gave up all thoughts of business, a 

 the army. According to Miss Seward, this step was the result of 

 despair on hearing that Miss Sueyd had married another; but this is 

 disproved by the object of the lady's choice, Mr. Lovell Edgewoi til, 

 who in his 'Memoirs' observes that Andre's first com mission bears 

 date on the 4th of March, 1771, while his own marriage to Miss Sneyd 

 did not take place until more than two years afterwards. Andro 

 joined the British army in America, aud in 1775 he was taken prisoner 

 at the capture of St. John's. He was a considerable timo in prison, 

 and on his release became aide-de-camp, first to General Grey, aud theu 

 to Sir Henry Clinton, the British comuiander-in-chief, who esteemed 

 him so highly that, on a vacancy occurring by the resignation of Lord 

 Rawdon, he appointed Andre to the important poet of adjutant-general, 

 and almost forced the government to bestow the rank of major upon 

 him, without which the office could not be held. 



Soon after Andre 1 engaged in the service which led to his untimely 

 end. Sir Henry Clinton confided to him the management of the 

 correspondence with the American general Arnold, who proposed to 

 deliver up the important fortress of West Point to the liritixh, with 

 tho magazines, including, among other things, the whole stock of 

 gunpowder of the American army. In conducting this correspondence, 

 which was facilitated by the circumstance of Andre's having IH.VU 

 acquainted with Arnold's wife previous to her marriage, Arnold 

 assumed the name of Gustavus, and Audit! that of Anderson, while 

 the real object* of tho parties were concealed under the disguise of 

 mercantile terms, as though tho correspondence referred entirely to 

 commercial affairs. So well was tho secret kept, that the Americans 

 had not the slightest suspicion of Arnold's fidelity. At length every- 

 thing was so far arranged, that it only remained to settle tho time and 

 means of carrying the design into execution : and for this purpose 

 Arnold required a personal interview with a confidential agent. Andre 

 undertook the dangerous mission; and accordingly, on the 20th of 

 September, 1780, a British sloop of war, the ' Vulture,' proceeded up 

 the Hudson River nearly to the American lines, having on board 

 Andre 1 and Colonel Beverly Robinson, a loyalist officer, whore house 

 was at that moment in possession of the Americans, and the head- 

 quarter"! of Arnold. It had been intended that the lauding and tho 

 interview with Arnold should be effected under cover of a flag of 



