213 



ANDRIEUX, FRANCOIS-GUILLAU1IE. 



ANDRONICUS COMNENUS. 



when I want it, without all this formality in parliament?" The 

 Bishop of Durham readily answered, "God forbid, sir, but you 

 should ; you are ,the breath of our nostrils." Whereupon the king 

 turned, and said to the Bishop of Winchester, " Well, my lord, what 

 say you!" "Sir," replied the bishop, "I have no skill to judge of 

 parliamentary cases." The king answered, " No put offs, my lord ; 

 answer me presently." " Then, sir," said he, " I think it is lawful for 

 you to take my brother Neale's money, for he offers it." 



Bishop Andrews adorned his learning and shining talents by the 

 highest reputation for piety, hospitality, charity, and munificence. 

 One of Milton's early Latin poems is an elegy on the death of this 

 distinguished prelate, in which he is bewailed in a strain of the most 

 impassioned regret and admiration. 



AXDRIEUX, FRANCOIS-GUILLAUME-JEAN-STANISLAS, pro- 

 fessor of belles-lettres, was born at Strasbourg on the 6th of May, 

 1759. He studied in the college of Cardinal-le-Moine at Paris. At 

 the close of bis academical course he was, in his seventeenth year, 

 placed in a proctor's office, with a view to make him master of the 

 technical details of law, his ultimate destination being the bar. His 

 master had no reason to complain of his progress ; but he composed 

 verges during his leisure hours, some of which appeared in the 

 ' Mercure ' and in the ' Almanach des Muses.' He was admitted 

 avocat by the parliament of Paris in 1781. 



^ In the following year he became private secretary to the Due 

 d'Uze'*. The death of his father, who had left his family in straitened 

 circumstances, compelled Andrieux to accept this situation. In 1785 

 he resumed his attendance on the courts, as an assistant to the 

 eminent lawyer Hardouin. The weakness of his constitution and 

 voice confined him in a great measure to the business of a consulting 

 lawyer and preparer of written pleadings. In 1786 he was employed 

 in the latter capacity in the celebrated process of the diamond neck- 

 In 1789 his subordinate career under Hardouin terminated. 

 During this apprenticeship to the practice of the courts Andrieux 

 still continued to make verses. His comedy, ' Les Etourdis,' was 

 brought upon the stage in 1787, and favourably received. 



Andrieux was about to enter into the full privileges of his pro- 

 fession, when the Revolution swept away, with other institutions of 

 the old monarchy, the parliaments and the order of avocats. His 

 career from 1789 to the establishment of the empire in 1804 was that 

 of many other professional men, called npon to discharge the legal 

 and political functions to which they were educated, according to the 

 forms prescribed by the ephemeral governments which succeeded each 

 other with dizzy rapidity. His flrst appointment was financial 'chef 

 de bureau de la liquidation gdndrale : ' this he resigned after the revo- 

 lution of thf 31t of May. In 1796 he was elected a member of the 

 Tribunal de Cassation. In 1798 the Electoral College of Paris elected 

 Andrieux one of the Council of Five Hundred. He appears to have 

 resigned his judicial situation previously, for in the national almanack 

 for 1798 his name stands at the head of the practitioners in the 

 Tribunal de Cassation. As a member of the Council of Five Hundred 

 he supported the re-organisation of primary schools and the appoint- 

 ment of teachers by election ; supported Berlier's motion on the 

 liberty of the press ; sought to modify the law regarding the deporta- 

 tion of priests; advocated the claims of public functionaries to an 

 adequate remuneration ; and in short distinguished himself by his 

 support of moderate and national views and by irreproachable integrity 

 at a period of universal excitement. In 1800 he was nominated one 

 of the tribunes, and soon after their secretary. Andrieux's conduct 

 in this capacity was similar to that which he pursued in the Council 

 of Five Hundred ; his independence gave umbrage to Napoleon, and 

 he was removed from the tribunate before the body was finally 

 suppressed. 



This was a severe blow to him, who possessed no private fortune, 

 and who bad to support two daughters, an aged mother, and a sister. 

 He does not appear to have made any effort to resume his profession 

 of the law or to re-enter the field of politics. Fouchd offered him the 

 appointment of censor of the press, but his offer was declined. For 

 the remainder of his life Andrieux was exclusively devoted to literary 

 pursuits. His active career, the only memorials of which are to be 

 found in some printed pleadings and reports preserved in collections 

 of the pamphlets of the Revolution, closes here. Joseph Bonaparte, 

 who had learned to esteem Andrieux in the Council of Five Hundred, 

 appointed him bis librarian, with a salary of 6000 francs, and obtained 

 f'ir him the Cross of the Legion of Honour. In 1804 he was made 

 librarian to the senate, and soon after professor of grammar and 

 belles-lettres to the Ecole Polytechnique. 



Andrieux was the first literary professor attached to the institu- 

 tion ; the course of education having been previously confined to the 

 physical sciences and pure and applied mathematics. He rendered 

 the class extremely popular with the students, who used to quit their 

 recreations to attend his lectures. The task of analysing the exercises 

 in composition of the scholars, candidates for commissions, was dele- 

 gated to Andrieux by the examiner, and was for nearly twelve years 

 discharged exclusively by him. He was deprived of bis chair at the 

 restoration, and Aimd Martin was appointed his successor. 



He retoined however the appointment of professor of literature in 

 the College de Frauce, to which he had been called by the concurring 

 vote* of the college itself, the institute, and the minister of the 



interior. He continued to officiate as a highly popular lecture! 



chair for nineteen years. It was no uncommon circumstance to 



all the places filled two hours before the commencement of tliex. 



lecture. His organs of speech were remarkably weak, but as he said ^* 



of himself, " I know how to make my hearers understand, by making 



them listen." He died on the 10th oif May, 1833. 



Andrieux was as indefatigable a writer during the revolution, under 

 the empire and the restoration, as in his earlier life. His works may 

 be classified as dramatic, professorial, and miscellaneous. His plays 

 are fifteen in number. His professorial works are only three : 

 ' Lectures on Grammar and Belles-Lettres for the Use of the Poly- 

 technic School ; ' ' A Report on the Continuation of the Dictionary of 

 the French Academy ; ' and ' Lectures on the Philosophy of the Belles- 

 Lettres,' which does not appear to have been published. The miscel- 

 laneous works of Andrieux his occasional poems, prose tales, e'loges, 

 and reviews are very numerous. The collections of Andrieux's 

 works, though published by himself, are not complete. One appeared 

 in 1817, in three octavo volumes, to which a fourth was added in 

 1823. Another was published, in six volumes 18mo, a few years Liter. 

 There is nothing in the writings of Andrieux to account for the popu- 

 larity of his lectures. There is a eood-humoured air of pleasantry in 

 the lighter pieces, but nothing brilliant or original ; though by some 

 of his countrymen he is placed next after Molicre, Regnard, and 

 Destouches : his best pieces are ' Les Etourdis,' and ' La Comedienne." 

 The tragedies and didactic writings are common-place in the last 

 degree. 



ANDR011ACHE, the wife of HECTOR. It is also the title of one 

 of the extant tragedies of Euripides. 



ANDRO'MACHUS, a native of Crete, and physician to the emperor 

 Nero. He was the inventor of a celebrated compound medicine 

 called Theriake (07jpiairfj), the preparation of which he described in a 

 poem which has been preserved in the collection of Galen's works. 



ANDRONI'CUS was the advocate of the Jews under the reign of 

 Ptolemaeus Philometor in their proct-edings against tin Samaritans in 

 Egypt, who, by asserting the authority of the temple on Mount 

 Garizim, or Gerizim, against the temple at Jerusalem, occasioned a 

 controversy which terminated in bloodshed. The Egyptian Jews 

 (although they had built, about the year B.C. 150, an heretical temple 

 of their own, in the province of Heliopolis) zealously defended the 

 authority of the temple at Jerusalem. After the arguments were 

 exhausted, both parties took up arms, and having found that blows 

 could not decide the matter, they appealed to the king, Ptolemseus 

 Philometor, who appointed a solemn day of judgment. In full court 

 it was agreed, that those who were found in error should be killed 

 for- the bloodshed already committed. The Samaritan advocates, 

 Sabbai (Sabbseus) and Theodosius, lost their cause against Andronicus, 

 and were put to death. The arbitrary administration of justice in 

 those times, and the character of Ptolemseus Philometor, render this 

 account not quite incredible. (Josephus, Antiquities, lib. xiii cap. 7, 

 ed. Aurelias Allobrog., p. 434 ; Jost, Qeschichte dcr Juden, vol. ii. 

 pp. 308-309.) 



ANDRONI'CUS COMNE'NUS, emperor of Constantinople, was 

 grandson of Alexis I. In his youth he distinguished himself in the 

 army under his cousin, the Emperor Manuel, against the Turks and 

 Armenians, but having entered iuto a treasonable correspondence with 

 the king of Hungary, he was arrested and confined in a tower of the 

 palace, where he remained twelve years. He contrived to escape, and 

 after several romantic adventures arrived at Kiew, in Russia, where 

 he won the favour of the Grand Duke Jaroslaus. Andronicus, in his 

 exile at Kiew, became instrumental in forming an alliance between 

 the Russian prince and the Emperor Manuel, and thus obtained his 

 pardon from the latter. He led a body of Russian cavalry from the 

 banks of the Borysthenes to the Danube, and assisted the emperor 

 against the Hungarians at the siege of Semlin. After the peace, 

 having returned to Constantinople, he protested against the adoption 

 of Bela, prince of Hungary, who had married the only daughter of 

 the emperor, as presumptive heir to the throne. Andronicus was 

 himself next in the order of succession. The Emperor Manuel how- 

 ever, having married a second wife, Maria, daughter of Raymund of 

 Poitou, prince of Antioch, had by her a son, who was afterwards 

 Alexis II. From his dissolute conduct and his intrigues he excited 

 the anger of the emperor, and was at length banished to (Enoe, a town 

 of Pontus, on the coast of the Euxine, between Cape Heraclium and 

 Cape Jasonium, where he remained till the death of Manuel iu 1180, 

 and the disorders of a disputed succession, induced the patriarch, and 

 the principal patricians, to recall Andronicus, as the only man who 

 could restore peace to the empire. He arrived in the capital in the 

 midst of acclamations, acknowledged the young Alexis as emperor, 

 but arrested the empress-mother, who had been in some measure the 

 cause of the troubles. Andronicus was associated in the empire as 

 colleague and guardian to Alexis. He then developed his ambitious 

 views. He first caused the empress-mother to be tried on a false 

 charge of treasonable correspondence. She was condemned unheard, 

 and was strangled, and her body thrown into the sea. He next 

 murdered young Alexis himself, and then assumed the undivided 

 authority as emperor in 1183. He married Agnes, Alexis's widow, 

 and sister to Philippe Auguste of France, who was still almost a child. 

 " Andronicus' s short reign," says Gibbon, "exhibited a singular 



