Hi 



ANDROHICUS CYKRHK8TE8. 



ANQLKSKY. KAKQUIS OP. 



of vice and virtue; when be lUtened to hi* passion*, be was 

 when he OMMvJud hi* reason, the father of bis people. In 

 of private justice be wa* rquiteble and rigorous ; be 

 repressed venality, and Ailed the offices with the most deserving candi- 

 date*. The province*, so long the object* of oppression or neglect, 

 revived hi prosperity aad plenty, and million* applauded the distent 

 i of hi* reign, while be wai cursed by the witnesses of his daily 

 _t The ancient proverb, that bloodthirsty is the man who 

 i from banishment to power, was verified again in Andronicus." 

 ( Decline aod Fall of the Roman Empire.') Individual* and towns, 

 for the gratification of his revenge, were treated with the greatest 

 barbarity. At last, so many terrors drove the people of Constantino- 

 ple to revolt. Isaac Angelus, one of the proscribed aad a descendant 

 in the female line from Alexu L. took refuge in the church of St. 

 Sophia. A crowd assembled and proclaimed him emperor. Andro- 

 nicus wa* than, with his young wife, in one of the islands of the 

 PropooUs; b* rushed to Constantinople, but was overpowered, taken 

 prisoner, aad dragged to the presence of Isaac Angelas, who, without 

 any form of trial, gave him up to the personal revenge of his enemies. 

 He was insulted and tormented in every possible manner ; his teeth, 

 ye*, and hair were torn from him, and lastly, he was hung by the 

 feet between two pillars. In hi* painful agony he was heard to appeal 

 to heavenly mercy, entreating it " not to braise a broken reed." At 

 last some one ran a sword through hi* body, and put an end to his 

 unVringa. Thi* dreadful catastrophe happened in September, 1185 ; 

 Andronicus was then past sixty years of age. 



ANDRONl'CUS CYRRHESTES, an architect who constructed, or, 

 at least, a person whose name i* attached to, one of the existing 

 reaain* of ancient Athens, commonly called the Tower of the Winds. 

 This monument stand* to the north of the Acropolis, and i* thus 

 described by Vitruvius : " Those who have paid most attention to 

 the wind* make them right in number, and particularly Andronicus 

 Cyrrbestoa, who built at Athens an octagonal marble tower, and cut 

 on each face the figure of the several winds, each being turned to the 

 quarter from which that wind blow*; on the tower he erected a 

 marble column (mete), on which he placed a Triton of bronze, holding 

 out a rod in his right hand ; and he so contrived it, that the figure 

 moved round with the wind, and constantly stood opposite to it ; the 

 rod, which was stove the figure, showud in what direction the wind 

 biM.' 



TbU building was intended for a sun-dial, and it also contained a 

 water-clock, which was supplied with water from the spring under 

 the cave of Pan, on the north-wot corner of the Acropolis. Colonel 

 Leak* i* disposed to assign the date of thii building to about B.C. 159. 



(Leake, Topography of A them ; Elgin Marblet, vol. i. p. 29, in 

 Library cf Entertaining Knowledge.) 



AXURuNI'CUS LIVIUS. [Lmos.] 



ANDRONTCU3 PALvEO'LOGUS, the Elder, son of Michael, 

 emperor of Constantinople, wa* raised by hU father as hu colleague 

 to the throne in 1273; and after Michael* death, in 1282, he reigned 

 forty-six years more. The reign of Andronicu* wa* disturbed by 

 religious controversies and wars. In 1303 a body of Catolonion and 

 other adventurers came to Constantinople to assist Andronicus against 

 the Turk*. They defeated the Turks in Asia, but they ravaged the 

 country, and behaved worse than the Turks themselves. Andronicus, 

 partly by force and partly through bribes, succeeded at last in getting 

 rid of these allies. In 1320, Michael, son of Andronicus, having died, 

 Michael's son, Andronicu*, dutinguiihed by the historians by the 

 appellation of ' the Younger,' revolted against his father ; and after 

 several years of war, was crowned as colleague to the old emperor in 

 1325. Another sedition broke out in 1323, which ended in the abdi- 

 cation of the elder Andronicu*, who retired to a convent. He died 

 in hi* cell four years after hi* abdication, and in the seventy-fourth 

 year of hi* age. During these disastrous war* between the two 

 Andronici, the Ottoman* effected the conquest of all liithynia, and 

 advanced within sight of Constantinople. Androuicus, the Younger, 

 died in 1341, in the forty-fifth yrar of hi* age, leaving by his wife, 

 Jane or Anne of Savoy, a boy, John Palsmlogus, who was put under 

 IB* (vardiaiwbip of John CautecuwSnu*. (Gibbon, Decline and Fall ; 

 the Bftani,ne llittoriant ; Hammer, Geuhickte du Otmanitchen 



ANDItONTCt'S RHO'DIUS, or the lihodian, is said to have first 

 arranged the work* of Arutotle, after they had been brought to Koine 

 IB the library of Apellicon of Too*, by Sulla, B.C. 84. The manuscript* 

 had beta committed to the care of Andronicus by Tyrannion, the 

 (rsauaarian, who seems to have been originally employed to put them 

 in order. Some authorities also refer to Commentaries of this 

 Aodroaicos on certain of Aristotle's works. The last work however 

 opposed to be by this writer, which wss recovered in modern times, 

 wa. a abort treatise, published by David Hoescheliux, in 12mo, at 

 tlFfr** ta 1694> ""* *" UU< of ' Andronid Ilbodii Peripatetic. 

 UUIIos IU.1 rUMr/ Tbew i* also a Greek treatise on the ' Nioo- 

 ''a Btbics ' of Aristotle, which U attributed to thii Andronicus. 

 It wa> translated into Ki>itlih by W. llridgmao. London, 1807. 

 ANOKL1CO. [Ftnou. FKA OIOYASM DA.] 

 ANiiKI.-i. MMIKL. fBuoBAURon, MICHEL Axotxo.] 

 ANOKI/.MLUIUL lorn about the year 17i8, at Fro*inone, in 

 the Caopagna of Rome, was the son of a merchant of Lombardy, 



who had settled and married in that town. He lived quietly till 1798, 

 when the French republican armies, under Berthier and Maaaena, 

 Invaded the Roman States, and drove away the Pope, and set up the 

 pageant of the ' Roman Republic,' under the protection of France. 

 They appointed consuls, senators, and tribunes, from among those 

 who were favourable to republican principles, and Angeloni being 

 chosen as one of the tribunes, went to live at Rome. 



In September, 1799, the Neapolitan troops took Rome, and the Roman 

 Republic was at an end. The French garrison and the members of the 

 republican government were allowed to embark at Civil* Voccbia, and 

 proceed to France. Thus Angeloui, with many of his countrymen, be- 

 came an emigrant He repaired to Paris, where Bonaparte having upset 

 the Directory, had mode himself First Consul of France. Bonaparte 

 showed little favour to the Roman emigrants, whom he considered pro- 

 bably as unmanageable enthusiast*; and they, on their part, becoming 

 intimate with other republicans, both Italian and French, hatched a 

 conspiracy against him. Angeloni and other Roman emigrants became 

 implicated, and they were arrested ; but no proof being elicited against 

 them, they were released. He was subsequently arrested upon another 

 charge, and was imprisoned fourteen months. In 1810, FouchiS, when 

 sent by Napoleon in a sort of honourable banishment to Rome, offered 

 to take Angeloni with him, but Angeloni refused. In 1811 An. 

 publUhed at Paris a work of considerable erudition on the life and 

 works of Quido d'Arezzo, the restorer of music. In 1814, afttr thu 

 downfall of Napoleon, Augeloni published a pamphlet, suggesting the 

 manner in which he fancied that Italy ought to be governed. He 

 was at the same time one of the first to claim for Italy, and especially 

 for Rome, the restitution of the sculptures, paintings, and manu- 

 scripts taken away by the French in 1797-98. After the revolutionary 

 attempts of Naples and Piedmont of 1820-21, a number of Italian 

 refugees went to Paris, where they often met at Angcloni's house. 

 Angeloni had previously, in 1819-20, been in correspondence with 

 some of the leading men who figured in the movement of Piedmont. 

 All this excited the suspicion of the French police ; and Angeloni, 

 with others, w.is in March, 1823, escorted by gendarmes to the sea- 

 coaat, and there shipped otf for England. From that time till hU 

 death he resided chiefly in London. Angeloni having miperadded to 

 his democratic ideas certain phrenological notions which lie laid hold 

 of from Dr. Gall's writings and conversation, upon which he com- 

 mented in his own way, came to the conclusion, that right and wrong, 

 morality and immorality, are mere conventional names ; that force 

 constitutes right, and that men act and must ever act accoui 

 the disposition which nature gave them in shaping their brain. With 

 a tenacity which increased with age, he continued to foretell the 

 advent of universal democracy, for that was with him a fixed idea, 

 which no disappointments could remove. Augeloui died in London 

 at the beginning of 1842. 



(Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of L'trful 

 Knowledge.) 



ANGLESEY, HENRY WILLIAM PAGET, MARQUIS (IK, 

 eldest son of Henry, first Earl of Uxbridge, waa born May 17, KIH. 

 He was educated at Westminster school, and ChrUtchurch, Oxford ; 

 and entered Parliament as member for the Caernarvon boroughs in 

 1790. HU predilection WHS however for a military life, and it found 

 free scope at the outbreak of the revolutionary war in 1793, when he 

 eagerly set about raising from his father's tenantry a regiment called 

 at. nr-t the Staffordshire Volunteers, but which was admitted into the 

 establishment as the 80th Foot. Of this regiment he was Appointed 

 lieutenant-colonel on its having made up its complement of 1000 men. 

 At the auie time he received corresponding preferment in the army, 

 his lieutenant colonel's commission bearing date September 12, 1793. 

 In 1794 he joined the army of the Duke of York in Flanders, and 

 greatly distinguished himself during the remainder of that campaign. 



On his return to England, Lord Paget was transferred to the com- 

 mand of a cavalry regiment, and commenced the career which at no 

 distant day cauxod htm to be regarded as the first cavalry officer in the 

 service. As commander of the cavalry he accompanied the Duke of 

 York into Holland in 1799. This short and disastrous campaign 

 afforded few opportunities of acquiring distinction, but iu the general 

 attack Lord Paget succeeded in defeating a much superior body of the 

 enemy's cavalry ; and in the retreat, where ho occupied the rear, he 

 gained a signal triumph over a much larger force under General Simon. 

 From this time he remained at home diligently occupied in training 

 the regiment of which ho was colonel, and in carrying out the system 

 of cavalry evolutions which he had introduced, until near the end of 

 1808, when, having previously been made major-general, he was sent 

 into Spain with two brigades of cavalry to join the army of Sir John 

 Moore. In forming this junction General Paget was perfectly suc- 

 cessful, and on the road he succeeded in cutting off a party of French 

 posted at Rueda this being the first encounter between the Kngli.-li 

 and French iu Spain. On joining Sir John Moore the cavalry under 

 Lord Paget was pushed forward, and on the same day, December 20, 

 came up with a superior body of French cavalry, and defeated it, 

 taking above 160 prisoners, including two lietiteuant colonels. These 

 victories gave the English cavalry an amount of confidence in them- 

 selves and their commander which iu the subsequent retreat was of 

 the utmost value. During the retreat Lord Paget with his cavalry 

 formed the rear-guard. After the infantry and heavy artillery had 



