ANOUISCIOLA, SOFONISBA. 



ANIELLO, TOMICASO. 



110 



For hi* share In the first of theae attempt* he was sent to the Bastille 

 bat wme coon wt at librrty ; on the next occasion sentence of death 

 wa* | stanl on him, bat the punishment wa* commuted into perpetua 

 Imprisonment. ID 1606 the puesenion* which had been left him by 

 Catherine d* Medici* were takm from him by a decr-e of the parlia 

 meat, and btetowed upon the Dauphin, afterward* Lmii* XIII. In 

 1616 however he was released by that king from hi* long imprison 

 meat; and in 1619 he was mad* Duo d'Angouleme, having till then 

 borne UM title of Comte d'Auvergne. He waa al*o appointed general 

 of the Light Dragoon* of France, and in 1620 wa* sent on a *pecil 

 embassy to the court of the Emperor Ferdinand IL He afterwards 

 rssramed hi* military career. It wa* he who in August 1628 commenced 

 UM famous siege of Rochelle, where the Huguenot* held out against 

 the royal force* till they were obliged to lurrender after an obstinate 

 defence of nine month*. After this he served for aome years in 

 Lanjruedoc, Germany, and Flandera, in tbe war against the bouse o< 

 Austria, which occupied the last yeari of Louis XIII. and the com 

 meoeement of tbe retro of hi* sucoeesor. He died at Paria, September 

 14, 1650. The following work* by tbe Duo d'Angoulome were pub- 

 lished during hi* life : ' Le* Harangue* prononcoe* en rAssemblce 

 de MM. IF* Prince* ProtectanU d'Allemagne,' par le Due d'Angouldme, 

 8vo. 1630 ; ' La Ge'oerale et Fidole Relation de tout ce qui s'est passe! 

 en rile de Re", envoyce par le Roi a la Heine ea Mere,' 8vo, 1 627 ; and 

 ReUtion de 1'Origine et de* Succe* des Schonfs, et de 1'EUt des 



Royaomea de Maroc, de Fez. et de Tamdant, ocrite en Espagnol par 

 Diego de Torre*, et tnduite par M, C. D. V. D 1 A.' (M. Charle* de Vafois 

 d'Angoulcme). 4to, Paria, 1636. In 1667 an account of the duke'* 



embassy to Ferdinand II. wai published at Paris in a folio volume by 

 Henri, cotnU de Ik'-thune, grandson of Philippe, comte de Bdthune, 

 who WM ataorlaUd with Angonletne on that occasion, and who took 

 indeed the chief management of the negociation. The Duke of Angou- 

 Itme was married Brat, on March 6, 1591, to Charlotte, daughter of 

 the CoocUble Henri de Montmorency ; and secondly, on February 25, 

 1644, to Francoiae de Narbonne, who survived him many years, dying 

 August 10. 1715, at the age of 92. 



ANOITSCIOLA. SOFONISBA, a celebrated painter of Cremona, 

 where she waa born of noble parents about 1533. She was instructed 

 first at Cremona with her sister Hrlen (who subsequently turned nun) 

 by Bernardino Campi, and afterwards at Milan by Bernardino Qatti, 

 called Soiaro. She bad great ability for painting, especially portraits, 

 in which ahe was one of the best artists of her time. Indeed she 

 acquired so great a reputation by her portraits, that she was invited 

 by Philip II. to Spain to enter into the service of the queen. 



Sofoniiha waa in such favour with the king that be gave her a 

 husband in the person of Don Fabrizzio Hi Moncada, a Sicilian noble- 

 man. and a dowry of 12,000 scudi ; and allotted her a pension of 1000 

 acudi, or crowns. After her marriage she left Spain to reside in 

 Palermo, but her husband died after ahe had redded there a few years. 

 Having obtained leave from Philip II. to return to her own country, 

 some time after her arrival in Genoa ahe waa married to the captain 

 of the galley in which she sailed, Orazio Louiellino. In Genoa she 

 continued to paint and add to her reputation. When ahe grew old 

 ahe became blind, but was still cheerful, and constantly received com- 

 pany : her house waa a rendezvous of the virtuosi of Genoa. Vandyck 

 when he waa in Italy attended her parties, and is reported to have 

 aid, that he learnt more from the conversation of an old blind woman 

 than by studying the great maateri of Italy. There is nothing of that 

 feebleoeei of drawing in the works of this lady which characterise 

 those of Angelica Kauffmann. There are extant several portraits of 

 Sofonisba by her own hand ; one of them is at Althorp, Northampton- 

 shirv, in which she is playing upon the harpsichord. 



ANGUS, EARLS OF. [Douons.1 



A'XHALT, PRINCES AND DUKES OF. The house of Anhalt 

 i* one of the oldest Saxon dynasties in Northern Germany, and is now 

 di%id<M into the branches of Anhalt-Bernburg and Anhilt- Dessau, 

 both of which have the title of Duke, and were sovereign members of 

 the German Confederation. In the middle ages this dynasty ruled 

 over the greater part of Northern Germany, being invested with the 

 duchy of Saxony and the margravlate of Brandenburg. The branches 

 of Saxony and Brandenburg became extinct in the 14th and in the 

 5th centuries ; and the branch of the dukts of Saxe-Lauenburg, who 

 were deaoeodaota from the duke* of Saxony, became extinct towards 

 UM end of the 17th century. Of the minor branches, Anhalt-Zerbst 

 became extinct In 1793. and Anhalt-Kothen in 1847, the property in 

 both case* revtrtinff to the Duke of Anhalt-Desaau. 



ANIELLO, TOMMASO, called by contraction Maianutlo, a young 

 fisherman, and a native of Amalfl, lived at Naples towards the middle 

 of the 17th century, under the government of the Duke d'Arcos 

 vfcMo* of Philip fV. of Spain. Naples was then suffering all the 

 evils of dole/rated absolute power; It* treasures went to Spain, iti 

 youth were sent to 611 up the ranks of the Spanish army, and both 

 wst wasted in ruinou. wan for the ambition and selfish views of a 

 distant court The people were oppressed with taxes, and suffered 

 from UM injustice and wanton tyranny of the officer, and other agent* 

 of a foreign power. In the year 1047 Uii> Duke d'Arcos, in order to 

 defray the expeosea of a war against France, thought as a last expe- 

 dient to terra Ux oa fruit and vegetable*, the common articles of 

 food of the Neapolitan people. The edict which announced this freed 



impost oeouioned the greatest ferment, especially among the poorer 

 rls*eii of inhabitants. An old priest of the name of Geuoino, who 

 had been in prison for some former offence, contributed to inflame the 

 general discontent. Maaaniello, who was then about 25 years of age, 

 and who by his humour and natural quickness was a great favourite 

 among the people of the Mercato, the great market-place of Naples, 

 spoke aloud among his friends against the new tax. His wife bad 

 been anvated some time before at the gates of the city, as she was 

 trying to smuggle in some flour, which like everything else was a 

 taxed article. She was kept in prison several days, and her husband 

 had to pay in order to obtain her release. Masaniello had accordingly, 

 a* we might expect, conceived a violent hatred against the Spanish 

 government. 



Masaniello was at the head of a troop of young men who were 

 preparing for the great festival of Our Lady of the Cannel, by 

 exhibiting sham combats, and a mock attack on a wooden castl> 

 the 7th of July, 1647, he and his juvenile troop were standing in the 

 market-place, where, in consequence of the obnoxious tax, but few 

 countrymen had come with the produce of their gardens ; the people 

 looked sullen and dissatisfied. A dispute arose between a country- 

 man and a customer who had bought some figs, as to which of the 

 two was to bear tbe burden of the tax. The ' eletto,' a municipal 

 magistrate, acting as provost of the trade, being appealed to, decided 

 against tbe countryman, upon which the latter in a rage upset the 

 basket of figs on tbe pavement. A crowd soon collected round the 

 man, who was cursing the tax and the tax-gatherers. Masaniello ran 

 to the spot, crying out " No taxes, no more taxes ! " The cry waa 

 caught and repeated by a thousand voices. The eletto tried to speak 

 to the multitude, but Masaniello threw a bunch of figs in bis face, the 

 rest fell upon him, and he and liis attendants escaped with difficulty. 

 Masaniello then addressed the people around him in a speech of coarse 

 hot fiery eloquence; he described their common grievances and 



si-rii's, and pointed out the necessity of putting a stop to the oppres- 

 sion and avarice of their rulers. " The Neapolitan people," said he, 

 " must pay no more taxes ! " The people cried out, " Let Masauiello 

 be our chief ! " The crowd now set itself in motion, with Masaniello 

 at their head ; it rolled onwards, increasing its numbers at every step ; 

 their rage fell first on the toll-houses and booths of the tax-collectors, 

 which were burnt, and next on the houses and palaces of those who 

 bad farmed the taxes or otherwise supported the obnoxious system. 

 Armed with such weapons as they could procure from the gunsmiths' 

 shops and other*, they proceeded to the viceroy's palace, and forced 

 their way in spite of the guards ; and Masaniello and others of his com- 

 panion.', having reached the viceroy's presence, peremptorily demanded 

 the abolition of all taxes. The viceroy assented to this ; but the 

 tumult increasing, he tried to escape, waa personally ill-treated, and at 

 last contrived by throwing money among the rioters to withdraw 

 himself into the Castel Nuovo. The palaces were emptied of their 

 furniture, which was carried in the inidst of the square and there 

 burnt by Masaniello's directions. Masaniello was now saluted by 

 acclamation as 'Captain-General of the Neapolitan people,' and a 

 :>latfi inn was raised for him in the square, where he sat in judgment 

 in his fisherman's attire, holding a naked sword in his hand ; thence 

 le issued his orders, and his will was law. The citizens in general, 

 aesides the populace, obeyed him ; a sort of commonwealth waa 

 organised, and the men were armed and distributed into regiments. 

 Tho few Spanish and German troops of the viceroy were defeated, and 

 obliged to defend themselves within the en-tie*. The viceroy in this 

 extremity proposed Cardinal Filumarino, the archbishop of Naples, 

 who was a man of abilities, and withal popular, to act as mediator 

 Between him and the people. Articles were drawn up under Maaa- 

 niello'a direction, by which all imposts upon articles of consumption 

 were abolished, and the privileges granted by Charles V. restored, 

 icsidea an amnesty to all concerned in the insurrection. It was 

 agreed that these were to receive the viceroy's signature, and an early 

 day was fixed for the purpose. The cardinal, accompanied by Masa- 

 niello, dressed in splendid attire and mounted upon a fine charger, 

 >roceeded to the Castel Nuovo, followed by an innumerable multitude. 

 The viceroy received Masaniello with every mark of deference, and 

 the conditions were examined and accepted. As Masaniello loitered 

 within the castle, the populace outside grew impatient and tumultuous, 

 when the chief of the people appeared at a balcony, and by a sign of 

 lis hand silenced them immediately; at another sign all the bells 

 oiled, and the people shouted " vivas ; " and again, as he placed hia 

 inger across hia lips, they all became mute. The viceroy being now 

 convinced of the astonishing power of Urn man, the negociation was 

 oon concluded, after which the Duke d'Arcos put a gold chsin round 

 ilasanicllo's neck, and saluted him as Duke St. George. Masaniello 

 returned in triumph to his humble dwelling, and peace was momenta- 

 rily restored. 



But Masaniello's mind gave signs of fat il decay : his sudden and 



;iddy elevation, the multiplicity of questions that were referred to 



uui, hia total inexperience of business, the heat of the season, his want 



of sleep all helped to derange bis intellect. He had already com- 



ilained of a sensation " like that of boiling lead in his head ; " he 



wcame suspicious, and was in continual dread of traitors, especially 



after the attempt made by a troop of banditti who had mixed with. 



the people to snoot him on hi* tribunal in the market-place. He 



