



. OP AUSTKIA. 



AN NT. 



SI* 



The Empress Ann* hu the character of having been a humane and 

 jndicio.- priMta*, but her criminal affection fur her worthtcaa favourite 

 mad* her rrfem M great ciir-e to her subjects u if tbe had l-een the 

 10* remorealees tyrant. The last wren years of her reign are spoken 

 of with horror by RuwUn historians, who are not disposed to exagge- 

 During hr rebrn several public improve- 



rat* the fault* of the 



mania wro introduce*). The senate waa divided into departments, 

 tl.e army wan much improved, the eadst establishment at SL Peten- 

 burf for the eduoatioo of th high, r elasaes wai found*), schools for 

 feeing awl maaic were established in Maloruasia. In 1789 the ItiddU 

 and Leaser Hordes of Kir*hii Tartan ubmitted them* lva to Russia. 

 The enpma*reeeivedemba**iei from Peraia and China. She patronised 

 navigation, and during her reign aoma of the Kurile ialandi were 

 explored and sunreyrd by Russians. 



ANXK OP AUSTRIA, queen of Lonii XIII. of France, and regent 

 during tl.e minority of I.oui XIV., waa daughter of Philip II. of 

 Spain; she became tl wife of the young Louis XIII. iu the year 1616. 

 The mat Henry IV. of Prance had for hi* darling project the 

 bumbling of the Honee of Aurtrta. Hia queen, Mary of Medicis, 

 wai averse to thia policy, and no aooner wai Henry in bin grave than 

 abe took meaanrea for a reconciliation with Spain, and toiled it by 

 a double marriage, one of which waa that of young Louia XIII. with 

 Anne of Aoitria. The administration however fell in a few yean 

 into the handa of that matter-spirit, Cardinal Richelieu, who reaumed 

 Henry IV.'. view* of humbling the pride and ambition of the House 

 of Anttrie. In thin he instantly found an enemy in Anne of Austria, 

 and a struggle eoaaed betwixt them, in which Anne, though a queen, 

 and a queen regnant, waa compelled to yield, ai loug as be lived, to 

 the great minister. 



Had Anne been a woman of greater talents or more pleasing 

 character, it might have been otherwise, but her Spanish education, 

 her eoldneas and gravity of demeanour, which only covered frivolity 

 of thought, alienated, rather than attracted Louis XIII. Upon this 

 haling Richelieu worked, and he was able at once to inspire Louis 

 with dislike and with jealousy of his queen. When it was generally 

 known that the queen waa in disgrace, and waa the object of Riche- 

 lieu's anger and mistrust, this was sufficient to rally around her the 

 boat of malcontent nobles, with Qaston, the king's brother, at their 

 bead. It does not appear that Anne was more privy to their plan of 

 resistance and rebellion than she could have avoided being. But her 

 name was unavoidably implicated, and the artful cardinal made of 

 this a specious tale for the king's ear. He represented Anne as dis- 

 gusted with her royal husband, and endeavouring to get rid of him 

 through conspiracy, in order to place Gastoii, duke of Orleans, in his 

 >:. :. 



What gave most force to Richelieu's tale, was the court which the 

 duke of Buckingham had openly paid to the queen of France. On 

 one occasion, after having taken leave on his return to London, he 

 hurried back from Amiens, found his way into the queen's sleeping- 

 room, where it was usual for her to receive visits, flung himself on 

 hie knees by the bedside, and gave full vent to a passion that shocked 

 the attendants, at pasting beyond the bounds of etiquette. Anne 

 gave but a gentle reprimand. Neglected by her husband (who par- 

 took not of her bed for twenty-three years after their marriage), Anne 

 waa not insensible to the chivalric attachment of a noble and a states- 

 man, and might perhaps have given some handle to malicious insinu- 

 ation. At all events, the remained without influence, alienated from 

 the king's affections and council, till death took away monarch and 

 minister, and left to Anne, at mother of the infant monarch, the 

 disputed reins of power. 



There was then a change of policy similar to that which had taken 

 place on the death of Henry IV. Mary of Medicis had counteracted 

 and abandoned all his schemes for humbling Austria, by making peace 

 with that rival power. Anne, of Austrian blood, now did the same, 

 from hatred to Richelieu's memory, as much perhaps u from family 

 afcettona. She did this with le*t abruptness, indeed, than Mary, 

 having the good fortune and food tense to have and to choose for her 

 minUter a man bred In Richelieu's school, one who had learned his 

 eddrea., bat who bad never been endowed with bis disinterestedness 

 and high view.. This was Maiarin. 



ABM i of Austria's policy in this choice, though perhapa the wisest, 

 WM still not the lew fraught with danger. It alienated from her at 

 arty of the noblesse, which, crushed by Richelieu, had 

 with Anne in her disgrace, and now nised its 

 aim TtngeaiK* and spoil. Mazarfn's advice compelled his 

 the unreasonable demands of these, her former 

 ana; aad the consequence waa a general conspiracy against the 

 ad her mhrfeter. Maarin, like bit predecessor, might have 



npbed ow the noblefe alone ; but this clan now called to its 



citizens, or burgees- 

 n at a foreigner, and 

 taxes. In addition to 

 i * i *""*""- "tich bad become venal, had 



e noefe aone ; ut tis clan 

 d a a*t and hitherto neglected body, that of the c 

 "* T^,"? * inflamed aeainat Maiarin 

 We in the invention of new taxe 



' power of ranetionfng or resisting the royal 

 eanae with the citlxena, and thus a powerful 

 e raised against the authority of Anne. An attempt 

 "herimrttotr^tU-magittratet aa the had treated the duke of 



Beaufort, by imprisoning them, gave birth to a popular iiiMin. 

 which proved successful. The queen and court were for a time 

 prisoners In the Palais Royal, and compelled to submit to the dictates 

 of the mob. The queen threatened at first to fling the heads of the 

 captive magistrates to the mob, rather than deliver their persons, but 

 she was compelled to smother both pride and anger. The people had 

 their will. The court however took the first opportunity of escaping 

 from Paris and recurring to arms. A civil w.. .-d between 



Anne, her minister, and their adherents on one side ; aud the noblesse, 

 the eitiiens, and people of Paris on the other. 



One might think that the advantage in such a quarrel must neces- 

 sarily remain to the Utter. But Anne and Mazarin't address, after 

 many vicissitudes of fortune, came off triumphant The Prondeura, 

 as the insurrectionists were playfully called, were not very earnest iu 

 their rebellion. The young noblesse considered the campaign aa a 

 frolic, and a suspension, or rather a cessation of hostilities, waa pro- 

 duced by the retirement of Mazaria. 



He returned however, for Anne was but a cypher without her 

 minister ; and the war again broke out. The court had secured a 

 defender in Turenne, who triumphed even over all the valour of the 

 young noblesse, headed by the great Condd. The result of the 

 rebellion, and of Anne of Austria's administration, was, that the 

 nobles and middle classes, vanquished in tbe field, were never after- 

 wards able to raise their heads, or to offer resistance to the royal 

 power, up to tbe period of the great revolution. LouU XIV. i.-. in 

 general, said to have founded absolute monarchy iu Pnince. But it 

 was rather tbe blunden and the frivolity of those who idly espoused 

 the cause of freedom during that monarch's minority which produced 

 this effect. Anne of Austria's triumph waa that of monarchy. She, 

 or at least the events of her regency, contributed far more to it, than 

 all the subsequent imperiousness of Louis XIV. ; and hence the epoch 

 of Anne's administration is one of the most important in French 

 history. 



Anne must have been of pleasing exterior, as her portrait in the 

 Vienna gallery testifies. Though not a woman of talents, she was 

 at least fortunate in her regency ; above all, in her choice of Mazariu. 

 Her influence over the fate and the court of France continued for a 

 lone time ; her Spanish haughtiness, her love of ceremonial, and of 

 all the pride of power, were impressed by education upon the mind 

 of bur son, Louis XIV., who bears the blame and the credit of much 

 that was hers. Anne of Austria died at the age of sixty-four, in the 

 year 1666. 



ANNE, queen of England, the second daughter of James II. by 

 his first wife Anne Hyde, was born at Twickenham on the Oth 

 February, 1664. She waa educated in the religion of the Church of 

 England; and, in 1683, was married by the Bishop of London to 

 prince George, brother of Christian V., king of Denmark. At the 

 revolution in 1688, Anne and her husband adhered to the dominant 

 party of her brother-in-law William III. ; and, by tbe act of settlement, 

 the English crown, in default of issue to William and Mary, was 

 guaranteed to her and her children. During the reign of William she 

 appears to have lived in much discomfort, neglected by her sister, 

 and treated with coldness by the king ; and she sustained the heavier 

 affliction of losing all her children in infancy, except one son, the duke 

 of Gloucester, who died at twelve yean of age, in 1699. This event, 

 as well as the previous death of queen Mary, rendered necessary an 

 alteration in the act of settlement ; and the princess Sophia, dowager 

 electron of Hanover, and her descendants being Protestants, were 

 declared next hein to the throne, in default of direct heirs to William 

 and his sinter-in law Anne. [OKOROK I.] The exiled king James II. 

 died on the 16th November, 1701 ; and Louis XIV. of France having 

 recognised the claims of James's son to tbe English throne, William III. 

 commanded the return of his ambassador from France, and dismissed 

 the French ambassador from England. Another cause of hostility 

 between Prance and England had arisen in the recognition by 

 Louis XIV. of the claim of his grandson, Philip of Anjou, to tbe 

 crown of Spain, contrary to the Partition Treaties agreed to between 

 France, England, and Holland, in 1698 and 1700, by which Joseph 



