Ill 



ANTIOCHU8 V. 



ANTIPATER. 



sadon from Rom*, who peremptorily required him to depart from 

 Bfrpt, and the impmoo* m*nd*te WM obeyed. Returning thn-ugh 

 Pabetioe in the MOM year, be rented hi* spleen by ordering that 

 great persecution of the Jew* related in the eseood book of Macoa- 

 bee*. Th* steady and rooceeaful resistance of that high-spirited people 

 drained Syria of army after army; and the didooltie* of the king 

 were increa**d by rerolU in Armenia and PereU. Dividing hi* dis- 

 potable force into two part*, be cent one under the command of Lyaiai 

 into Ju.liea; and led the other himself into the revolted provinces, 

 which be soon brought back to their allwianoe. While thus employed, 

 be received tiding! of the total defeat of hi* armie* in Juda. Tran*- 

 ported with paaston, be hastened toward* Antioeb, when be WM seised 

 with violent internal pain*, and he died at a town called Tib*j, B.C. 

 145. in dreadful agony both of body and mind. He wai a prince of 

 dueolute and undignified character, a* well a. (Uined with the darker 

 Tiee of cruelty ; be received from bi* *nbj-oU the nickname of Epi- 

 stsnst. or the H>dmsn, in parody of hi* aammed title of Epiphanes, 

 er IlliMtriosM. (Uvy, xliu Ac.; Polybiu*.) 



A NT li "CHI'S V.. inrnamed Ku|*tor, or well-fathered, *on of A. 

 Bpipht*)*!. wa* a child nine year* old when he succeeded to the 

 throne, uoder the guardianship of l.ynaa. After a nominal reign of 

 early two year* D* wa* dethroned, and pat to death by bi* cousin- 

 , Desaetrius Soter, *on of Seleuotu Philopator, who lueoeeded 



to the crown in B.C. 102. 



ANTIOCtiUS VI.. the *on of Alexander Bala*, who WM rained up 

 by Dtodotus, surnamed Tryphon, a* a stalking hone, by the help of 

 which he might duplace Nicator, and make hi* own way to empire. 

 The young pretender wa* at tbi* time but seven year* old ; but he 

 wa* readily raieed to the throne, for the ezceeae* of the reigning prince 

 bad alienated hi* subject*. After a nominal reign of two years he 

 wai put to death by Trrphon, who awumed the crown. (B c. 144-2.) 



AXTIUCHI'S VII., mrniiroed Sidete*. wa* a younger *on of Deme- 

 tnn Soter, anil brother nf Demetriu* Nicator. After the latter WM 

 expelled l.y Antiochiu VI.. A. Sidete* married hi* wife, Cleopatra, 

 laid claim to Syria, and expelled Tryphon (B.C. 188), who had held it 

 tince the murder of Antiochu* VI. Hi* reign wa* comparatively 

 piaepeiou* an-l tranquil. He reduced many cities, which had taken 

 advantage of the civil wan to aatume independence, and among them 

 JanMilsai (B.C. 184). He defeated Phraatos, king of Parthia, in three 

 battle*, and recovered all which bad been wrested from Syria, except 

 the province of Parthia ; but hi* life and reign were brought to an 

 untimely cloee in a sudden onaet made by the enemy upon bit winter 

 quarter*. He perished, B.C. 129 or 128, leaving a fairer character for 

 justice, generosity, and bnvery, than belong* to most of the prince* 

 of tbi mot profligate age. 



ANTIOCHU8 VIII., surnamed Orypus. After the death of A. 

 SMeU-a, Syria wa* again detracted by civil wan. Demetriu* Nicator 

 eacaperl from Parthia, and reiumed the crown; but he wa* icon 

 dethroned by Alexander Zebina*. Cleopatra, the wife *ucoea*ively of 

 Bala*, D Nioator, and A. Sidete*, retained possession, however, of a 

 portion of Syria ; and Seleucu*. her *on by D. Nioator, regained aome 

 dUtricU oontiguou* to tbo*e held by hi* mother, and proclaimed him- 

 Mlf King of Syria. Thi* raised her jealouiy, and ahe murdered him 

 with ht r own hand ; then *he recalled from Athena, her son Autio- 

 cbu* Grypu* (naine.1 alto Philometor, and, on hi* medals, Kpiphanen), 

 BalS5. Orypu* soon expelled Alexander Zebinaa. Cleopatra then 

 lou* of him alao ; and prvibed, being compelled to drink a 

 1 draught, which *he henelf had ottered to her con. Orypus 

 reigned in peace for eight yean ; at the end of which a fresh 

 .r the throne started up in the penon of hi* half-brother. 



ANTIOCUUS IX, surnamed Cyxleeniia. from being educated at 



bsJM 



Cyiicws. the ton of Cleopatra by A. Sidete*. After a sharp content 

 rd to divide the empire, B.C. 118 or 112: A. Cyzice- 



tbe broth. 



agreed 



no* occupied Coclenyria and Palestine ; A. Orypus, the net of the 

 empire. Oryptu wa* aseessinated, B.C. 96. A. Cysicenn* was defeated 

 ami alain by Seleueu*, the eon and successor of A. Grypus, B.C. 95. 

 Sflruru. peri-hrd after a reign of seven month*, 



ANTIOCHUS X.iurnauied Eiuebes the Pious, no of A. Cyxioenuii, 

 proclaimed himself King of Syria upon hi* father'* death. Kor a 

 time be disputed the throne with hi* coiuios, Philip and Demetrius 

 Eukejro*. ton* of A. Orypu* : bat (B.C. 88) be w** compelled to fly 

 farto Parthia. He retamed <.a 8). Kuluero* being dead or banished : 

 and while he wa* rattand in war with Philip, another Antiochu., sur- 

 asacd Dionyiius, Ml brother to Philip, aeixed upon CailesyrU. The 

 Utter we* soon sUin in a war against the Arabian*. After a brief 

 period, the Syrian*, wraried by the dwoUting feud, of the Seleucidan 

 pnnce*, invited Ti* ranee, king of Armenia, to take possession of the 

 country. Eus.be* then ted into Ciliria (B.C. 88), and pawed the 

 renaiader of bit life in obscurity. The event* of this reign are very 



ANTIOCHUS XL, sumamed Asiaticus, was the ton of A. Busebes. 



X%r*M* being obllfed to withdraw bis troops from Syria to make 



: the Romans, A. Ariatlro* gained poatnaion of part 



Wet) ***> "* reduced by Pompeius to the condition of a Roman 

 "'" * . In AnUoehu. Awaticua, the Seleucidan dynasty 



"*" n ?, W 83r ^_ for 247 y*- !k n' n 'rom the time 

 Nieator begsn bis reign la B.a812. (Kor the chro- 



nology of the Syrian king* the reader should consult Clinton'* ' Fasti 

 Hellenicf) 



ANTl'OCHUS OP COMMAOEXE. [COMMAOEXB.] 

 AXTI'PATER, Regent of Macedonia. He wa* a son of lolau*. and 

 a man of great talent In his early yean be had the advantage of the 

 instruction of Aristotle. The prudence which he displayed in all 

 hi* conduct, and hi* attachment to the royal home of Macedonia, 

 gained him the favour of Philip II., who made Antipater his friend, 

 general, and minuter. The king'* oonBdenoe in him appears from an 

 anecdote, according to which Philip one day after getting up rather 

 late, said, " I have slept soundly, bi't Antipater wa* awake." After 

 the battle of Chssronea, in B.C. 338, Antipater and Alexander the son 

 of Philip, were cent to convey to Athens the bone* of thoee Athenians 

 who had fallen in the battle, and to conclude a treaty of friendship 

 and alliance with the Athenian*. Alexander had the same esteem for 

 Antipater as bi* fattier, and when the young king was preparing for 

 hi* Asiatic expedition, Antipater, with other men of influence, en- 

 treated him to marry, and give a successor to the throne of Mace- 

 donia, before embarking in his great undertaking. The advice wu 

 disregarded, but on setting out Alexander appointed Autipater rv pent 

 of Macedonia, and placed at hi* diipogal an army of 12,000 foot, ami 

 1500 hone for the protection of the kingdom. In B.C. 331, Autipater 

 wa* engaged in a war with some rebellions tribe* of Thrace tinder 

 Memnon, which the Spartans considered a favourable opportunity for 

 recovering their supremacy in Greece, and accordingly Sparta, under 

 her king, Agis III., and her PeloponnesUn allies, rose against Mace- 

 donia. Antipater settled the affain in Thrace as speedily a* possible 

 by a peace, and hastened to the Peloponnesus. In the neighbourhood 

 of Megalopolis in Arcadia he gained a complete victory over the 

 Greeks. Agis fell in battle, and the Greek* were compelled to keep 

 quiet. [Aon III.] The position of Antipater as regent of Macedonia 

 waa difficult, on account of the arrogance, the peqwtual interference, 

 and the petty jealousies of Queen Ulympias, the mother of Alexander. 

 Each often complained of the other by letters and messengers to 

 Alexander. Whether it was that the accusations of Olympiaa or 

 Antiputer's own conduct raised suspicions in the king's miml, or that 

 Alexander merely intended to put an end to these quarrels by re- 

 moving the regent, in the year B.C. 323, when Alexander was at Babylon, 

 he sent order* to Autipater to bring recruit* to Asia, and appointed 

 Crateras to lead back the Macedonian veterans, and succeed Antipater 

 as regent of Macedonia. It is not improbable that Antipiter's own 

 conduct may have afforded grounds for suspicion, as it cannot be 

 supposed that he was indifferent to the execution of his son-in-law, 

 Alexander, son of Acropua. Hut before Alexander's orders were 

 carried into effect, he died at Babylon in B.C. 323. There is a tra- 

 dition that Antipater was implicated in the death of Alexander the 

 Great, and it is **id that Aristotle, who was hurt by the king's 

 conduct toward* him, induced Antipater to administer poiwn to 

 Alexander at Babylon, through his son lollas, who was the king's cup- 

 bearer. But this report is contradicted by the best authorities, and 

 it is not improbable that it arose several yean after the death of 

 Alexander through the slander of Olympiaa, the implacable enemy of 

 Antipnter and his family. 



In the division of the empire after the death of Alexander, it was 

 agreed that Antipater, in conjunction with Craterus, should have the 

 government of the European parts, with the exception of Thrace, 

 which was given to Lysiuischus as a separate satrapy. The arrival of 

 the news of Alexander's death had encouraged the Greeks once more 

 to take up arms to recover their independence, and Antipater had 

 now to carry on a war against a powerful confederacy of the Greeks, 

 which was headed by the Athenians and Jitolians. The war which 

 broke out is called the Lamian war, from the town of Lamia in Thes- 

 saly. The command of the army of the confederates was given to 

 Leosthenes of Athens. Near Tbermopylca he defeated the Macedo- 

 nians, and Antipater was obliged to throw himself into the town of 

 l.amia. The town wa* besieged, and it* surrender was daily expected. 

 But the death of Leosthenes, and the withdrawal of the .Ktnlmus, 

 gave a favourable turn to the war for Antipnter, who maintained him- 

 self in Lamia until Leonnatus came with an army to his relief. The 

 Greeks now raited the siege, turned against Leonnatus, and an engage- 

 ment with him ensued, in which he wa* defeated and killed. But 

 discord among the Greeks prevented their following up this victory, 

 and Antipater was enabled to join the remainder of the defeated army. 

 He now withdrew beyond the river Pencil*, where he was joined by 

 Crateru*. His forces bccama thus superior to those of the Greeks, 

 whose disunion, though the battle of Cranon, which was now fought, 

 was scarcely decisive on either side, destroyed all their hopes. The 

 moderation with which Antipater used his victory induced the Greeks, 

 with, the exception of the yKtoliaim, to submit again to Macedonia. 

 The confederacy was dissolved B.C. 322, as Antipater refused to treat 

 with it, and each separate state had to implore his mercy. The 

 Athenian* obtained the alliance of the Macedonians only on the hard 

 conditions of surrendering the leaden of the insurrection, and among 

 them Demosthenes, who however made his escape, recalling the exiles 

 of the Macedonian party, and paying a heavy contribution to defray 

 the expenses of the war. In addition to all this, the democratical 

 constitution of Athens was abolished, an oligarchy, headed by the 

 faithful partisans of the Macedonians, was established, and a Mace- 



