245 



ANTIPATER. 



ANTIPHOtf. 



246 



donian garrison took possession of Munychia. The ^Etolians had 

 retreated to their mountains to wait for a favourable opportunity for 

 renewing the contest. 



After the close of the Lamian war, Antipater gave his daughter 

 Phila in marriage to Craterus, in order to unite the interests of his 

 colleague with his own. The two regents invaded ^Etolia, B.C. 322, 

 bnt they had scarcely entered the enemy's country, when Antigonus 

 informed them that Perdiccas, the supreme regent of the Macedonian 

 empire, entertained the plan of making himself master of the empire 

 by marryicg Cleopatra, the Bister of Alexander, crushing all the other 

 satraps, and divorcing Nicaea, the daughter of Antipater, whom he 

 had married only a short time before. This intelligence induced 

 Antipater to conclude peace with the ^Etoliana on terms favourable 

 to them, and to direct all his efforts against Perdiccas. Antipater and 

 Craterus immediately prepared to march into Asia, and entered into an 

 alliance with Ptolemxus of Egypt, whom Perdiccas intended to attack 

 first. In the spring of B.C. 321 the two regents of Macedonia crossed 

 the Hellespont. Eumenes, the friend of Perdiccas, had received 

 orders to oppose them, for Perdiccas was already on his march to 

 Egypt Neoptolemus, an officer who had deserted from Eumenes, 

 assured the invaders that it would be an easy matter to defeat 

 Eumenes; and trusting to this Antipater divided the Macedonian 

 forces, and giving the command against Eumenes to Craterus, he him- 

 self marched through Cilicia towards Egypt. While Antipater was 

 in Syria he received intelligence of Perdiccas being murdered by his 

 own troop, and that Pithon and Arrhidaeus had been appointed to 

 the supreme regency in his stead. Near the town of Triparadisus, 

 Antipater joined the army of Perdiccas, which was returning from 

 Egypt, and as the two supreme regents were unable to contend against 

 the perpetual interference of Queen Eurydicc, who, together with her 

 husband, Philip Arrhidaeus, and the young king Alexander ^Egus, was 

 still with the army in Asia, they resigned their office, which was 

 conferred upon Antipater. Immediately after, Antipater had to put 

 down a mutiny of the army, which Eurydice endeavoured to turn to 

 her own advantage and against Antipater. While at Triparadisus the 

 regent made several new regulation! respecting the satrapies which 

 had become vacant by the recent occurrences ; he left Antigouus to 

 prosecute the war against Eumenes and the other partisans of Perdic- 

 cas, and returned to Macedonia in B.c. 321, together with Philip 

 Arrhidams and Alexander JEgua. He arrived in Macedonia about the 

 spring of B.C. 320, and the peace which had been disturbed during his 

 absence by the --Etolians had already been re-established by his gene- 

 rals. Soon after his arrival, he was seized by an illness which ter- 

 minated bis life, early in the year B.c. 319. During his illness the 

 Athenian orator Demades came to him as ambassador from Athens, 

 to petition for the withdrawal of the Macedonian garrison from 

 Munychia, and Antipater had him put to death on the ground of 

 having kept up a treacherous correspondence with Perdiccas. [DE- 

 MADES.] In his last days Antipater appointed Polysperchon his 

 successor in the regency of the Macedonian empire : to his son Cas- 

 gander he gave only the office of chiliarch. This slight to his own 

 son may be accounted for in various ways. It may be that Antipater 

 acted in this manner out of consideration for the interests of the royal 

 family of Macedonia, which Cassander hated, or that he foresaw the 

 troubles that would arise between Cassander and the Macedonians. 

 The haughty and intractable character of Cassander was well known 

 to the Macedonians, and he was much disliked by them. 



(Flathe, Gachichte tfacedoniem, i. ; Droysen, Qetckichte Alexander! 

 da (jroutn, and Gachichte der Nackfolger Alexander! ; Thirlwall, 

 Hwtory of Greece, vii ; which works contain the references to all the 

 ancient authorities.) 



ANTI'PATER, son of Antipas, the governor of Idumaea, was him- 

 self a native and governor of that province during the high-priest- 

 hood of Alexander Janneeus. After that prince's death, his sons, 

 Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, disputed the succession. Antipater was a 

 zealous partizan of the former, who, after a bloody contest, was 

 established in the high-priesthood by Pompeius the Great. This 

 favourable issue was very mainly owing to the prudent management 

 of the Idumaean, and he was rewarded by the confidence of his weak 

 master under whose name he ruled in Judaea. When Caesar, during 

 the celebrated siege of Alexandria, was himself besieged in his camp 

 by the inhabitants of that city, Antipater came to his help, and 

 found opportunity to perform good service, and signalise his own 

 courage. Caesar in return obtained for him the citizenship of Home, 

 and appointed him to the administration of Judaea, which enjoyed 

 tranquillity and prospered under his care. He was poisoned by a Jew 

 named Malchus, B.C. 49, through jealousy of his influence with Hyr- 

 canus. The guilt of the crime was heightened by the ingratitude of 

 the murderer, who bad been indebted for his life to the man whom 

 he poisoned, and had received other benefits at his hands. Antipater 

 left four sons, of whom two are known in history Phasael, governor 

 of Jerusalem, and the infamous Herod, king of the Jews. 



These are the two most remarkable persons bearing the name of 

 Antipater ; but it is one of common occurrence in ancient history. 



ANTI'PATER, L. COELIUS, a Roman historian of the Second 

 Punic War. [CoELius.] 



ANTI'f-HILUS, a celebrated Greek painter, who lived in Egypt in 

 the time of Ptolemojus Philopator, at the close of the 3rd century B.C. 



He is praised by Quintilian for the facility with which he painted, 

 and Pliny mentions several of his works, in various styles. Autiphilus 

 was the inventor of a kind of caricatures called ' Grylli.' They were 

 a species of grotesque monsters, part man and part animal or bird, of 

 which the Greeks and Romans appear to have been fond. Antiphilus 

 therefore added variety of style to facility of execution. He was a 

 native of Egypt, and his time is fixed by a circumstance connected 

 with him, mentioned by Lucian in his ' Treatise against Calumny.' 



ANTIPHON, the son of Sophilus, is called the oldest of the ten 

 Attic orators. He was born at Athens about B.C. 479, and belonged 

 to the demua of Khatamis in Attica, whence he is called Rhamnuaius. 

 He had a school of rhetoric at Athens, and among his pupils was the 



made 

 says 



historian Thucydides, whom some careless Greek compilers have i 

 the master of Antiphon. When Quintilian (' Instit. Orator.,' iii. !.)__,_ 

 that Antiphon was the first who wrote orations, he must be understood 

 to mean the first who wrote speeches to be delivered in the courts of 

 justice, for Gorgias had preceded him in the composition and publica- 

 tion of other kinds of orations. In the uncritical life of Autiphon, 

 attributed to Plutarch, the events of his public life are vaguely 

 recorded. He is said to have done good service in the Peloponnesiau 

 war, to have gained many victories, which however are not mentioned 

 by Thucydides, and to have brought over many states to the alliance 

 of Athens. Diodorus mentions Antiphon as archon eponymus in the 

 year B.C. 418 ; but this may either be Antiphou of Rhamnus or another 

 of the name. The statement of Thucydides rather leads to the con- 

 clusion that Antiphon took no active part in public affairs, though he 

 was a busy manager behind the scenes. The chief event of his Ufa 

 was the overthrow of the Athenian democratical constitution aud the 

 establishment of the Council of the Four Hundred (B.C. 411), the 

 planning and execution of which revolution Thucydides attributes 

 solely to Antiphon, who employed Pisander and others as his agents. 

 Autiphon, Phrynichus, and Theramenes were among the Four Hundred. 

 But dissension soon arose in the new council. Theramenes and his 

 party wished to recal Alcibiades from exile, a measure which Antiphon 

 and his friends opposed, foreseeing that the consequence of the return 

 of Alcibiadea in the present state of affairs would be the restoration 

 of the old constitution. To strengthen themselves at home, Antiphon, 

 Phrynichus and ten others, went on an embassy to Sparta, for the pur- 

 pose of making peace with the Lacedaemonians on any terms that they 

 could, and at the same time they provided for the fortification of 

 Eetioneia, a projecting point of laud which commanded the entrance 

 to the Piraeus, with the view of securing a landing-place for the 

 Lacedaemonian forces, as Theramenes and his partizans said. The 

 embassy failed, Phrynichus was assassinated soon after his return, in 

 open day-light, the government of the Four Hundred overthrown after 

 a short duration of four months, and Alcibiades was recalled to Athens 

 (B.C. 411). In the same year Antiphon and Archeptolemus were brought 

 to trial on the charge of high treason. Antiphon, says Thucydides, made 

 an admirable defence. Thucydides does not mention the result of the 

 trial, but we learn from the authority of the rhetorician Caecilius, who 

 is quoted by the Pseudo-Plutarch, that Antiphon was condemned and 

 executed, his property was confiscated, his house levelled to the ground, 

 and the site was marked out by boundary stones, on which was in- 

 scribed Autiphon the Traitor. All his descendants, both legitimate 

 and illegitimate, were declared incapable of civil rights. This sen- 

 tence, which was engraved on a bronze tablet, is preserved in an 

 extract from Caecilius in the Pseudo-Plutarch. Cascilius was a con- 

 temporary of Cicero. Thucydides (viii. 60) says that Antiphon was 

 inferior in virtue to none of his contemporaries; that he was equally 

 distinguished by wisdom in counsel and by eloquence. Sixty of his 

 orations were known to Caecilius and others, but twenty-four of them 

 Caecilius considered to be spurious. Only fifteen orations are now 

 extant, three of which relate to real cases. The other twelve are 

 divided into tetralogies, or sets of four, and as they contain no proper 

 names, we may assign them to the class of sophistical exercises, such 

 as we learn from Cicero that Antiphon wrote. But all the speeches, 

 real and imaginary, relate to cases of murder ; and thus, according 

 to a system of classification common among the Greek grammarians, 

 they have all been put together, and are the only works of Antiphon 

 that have been preserved. Each tetralogy consists of four orations, 

 an accusation of the plaintiff, a reply of the defendant, a replication 

 of the plaintiff, and the defendant's rejoinder. The arguments on 

 each side turn mainly on the probabilities for and against, which 

 may be derived from evidence insufficient in itself to establish the 

 juilt or innocence of the accused party. These exercises are charac- 

 terised by great acuteness in invention; they are in fact practical 

 specimens of the method of discovering topics (the loci communes 

 of Cicero) in argumentation. The titles of many of Antiphon's other 

 speeches have been preserved. Considering the position which he 

 occupies among the Attic orators, the loss of his orations is much 

 to be regretted, especially that which he delivered on his trial, 

 which was entitled ' On the Revolution : ' it is several times cited by 

 Harpocration. Antiphou was also the author of a ' Treatise ou 

 Rhetoric,' in three books at least, which is often cited by the ancient 

 writers. Antiphon was hardly an orator in our sense of the term, 

 nor was he a public speaker, like Pericles. His profession was the 

 composition of speeches, which were delivered by others. There was 

 no body of men at Athens who resembled the modern lawyer or even 



