MT 



ANTISTHRKEa 



AKTOMMARCUI, FRANCESCO. 



I i- 



the Roman ormtor, and tboee who bad busioet* in the court*, either M 

 plaintiff, or defendant*, had iu the main to manage their own cause*. 

 The neoeeaity of getting aseittanco to draw up a statement in the beat 

 form, and to enforce it by the alrougeet argument* and a reference to 

 tb law, exiled up a clan of person* woo war* professional speeoh- 

 writert; and of tbee* Antiphon i aaid to bar* been the firat at Athena. 

 The *tudy of the laws waa thu in aome memaure made a special 

 Inaismi. and the speech-writer may be considered aa in aome meaaure 

 corresponding to the modern Uwyer ; yet there nerer waa a scientific 

 tody of law at Athena aa there waa at Home, nor waa there erer a body 

 of Ben like the great Roman jurisconsults. The method and atyle of 

 Antiphon ehoold be studied in connection with the ipeecbee in the work 

 of hi* pupil Thucydides, and these two writers furniah the chief mate- 

 riala for the early hietory of Attic oratory. Clearne**, energy, and the 

 abeenos of rhetorical ornament, or Bgurea of speech, are the character- 

 istic* of the old Attic oratory. But though the period* of Antiphun 

 and Thucydidea are unlike the full rounded sentences of the later 

 onion, they are not constructed without reference to aome principles 

 of art. The argtftneot ii fully elaborated by the accumulation of every 

 thing that it material to it, and though the nicer connection of the 

 part* of stateness is wanting, which marka the atyle of the late 

 onion, thnr* ia no want of due order in the arrangement of the 

 thought*. There U aUo a aymmetrioal balancing of the parta of 

 with the Tiew of giving on the one hand completeness to 



the form of expression, and on the other bond, precision by opposition 

 or contrast Thus there is a general parallelism or antithesis observ- 

 able in all the writings of the old Attic orators, which indeed waa 

 ever abandoned by their successors, though it was rendered less 

 prominent by the introduction of more rhetorical ornament 



The orations of Antiphon were first printed in the collection of 

 Aldus, Venice, 1513, folio; they are alto in H. Stephens' collection of 

 the Greek orators, 1575; in that of Roiske, 1773, of Dobson, and in 

 that of 1mm. Bekker, 1829. One of the most recent editions of Anti- 

 phon u by J. O. Baiter and H. Sauppe, Zurich, 1838, Svo. They 

 were translated into French by Auger, with the orations of Isocrates, 

 1781, 12mo. (Riognpkxal Dictionary of fitful Knowledge Society.) 



AXTrSTHKNKS. the master of Diogenes, and commonly reputed 

 the founder of the Cynic school The time of his birth, as well as 

 that of bis death, is uncertain ; but he was the contemporary of 

 Socrate*, Plato, Aristotle, Xenophou, &c., and may be said iu general 

 term* to have flourished about B.C. 380. Diodorus Siculus mention* 

 him a* still alive B.C. 360. He was born at Athens, of which his 

 father, named alao Antisthenes, was a citizen. His mother was a 

 native of Thraoe, or, as Plutarch rays, of Phrygia. He first attended 

 the school of the rhetorician Uorgias; but, leaving him after some 

 time, he became a follower, and eventually one of the most distin- 

 guished disciples, of Socrates. His dwelling was in the Pineus, and 

 be used to walk daily the forty stadia (above four miles) to Athens to 

 boar hi* new master, to whom he faithfully adhered to the end of bis 

 life. Diogene* says that he was the caiue of the banishment of Anytua 

 and the death of Melitus, the two chief accusers of his master Socrate* ; 

 but the statement i* vaguely made and not supported by other evi- 

 dence. The time of his death i* not mentioned : he is said to have 

 reached hi* seventieth year. 



Antithetic* i* reckoned among the genuine scholars of Socrates, 

 or those who preserved at least a portion of their master's doctrines 

 and manner of teaching. He was a man of stubborn character, and 

 he carried his opinions to extremes ; yet he wa* an agreeable com- 

 panion, according to Xenophon, and distinguished by temperance in 

 all things. Socrates, perhaps, gives u* an intimation of one of his 

 failings in a story recorded by Diogenes Lacrtius. On one occasion, 

 when he had turned hi* cloak so as to show tho holes in it, Socrates 

 said to him, Anti.thenes, I sec your vanity through your cloak.' 

 is introduced in the Symposium r and the 'Memorabilia' 



d these, which 

 ' his character 



r" N, repreesut him in a favourable light He is alao men 

 Phtedon ' of Plato as present at the death of Socrates. 

 After the death of Socratea (B.O. 309) be established a school iu the 

 gymnasium of CynoMrges, adjoining the temple of Hercules, which he 

 ssJostid apparently for two reasons : the Cyuosarges was the gymna- 

 sium for show Athenian, who were not of genuine Attic stock, and 

 Hercules wa* the ideal model of manly excellence to Antisthene*, and 

 formed the subject of at least one of his treatises. The follower* o 

 AnlietbssMS were first called Antislhencii, and afterwards Cynics 

 (r.i), a term that either had reference to the name Cynosarges, or 

 to the Ureek word .,4, (dog), which may have been given to the 

 dsMJple* of AnUtthene* on account of the coarseness of their manners. 

 Antletbeoe* was poor, bat be boasted that he wa* really rich, fo 

 man a wealth and poverty, be said, were not In his house but in his 

 mind ; and it was his practical philosophy to limit hit want* as much 

 a* possible. He U aaid to have worn a tingle garment, and to hav 

 wallet and tuff, though some writers attribute to others 

 i of tbee* external characteristics of the Cynics. It is no 

 rhat is meant by the story of Anti*tbenea being the firs 

 who doubled his domk (Tpl/fer), but it seem* that it was done to rends 

 It a more complete dres*, for it wa* bis only garment 

 Many sayings of Antittbcurs are recorded by Diogenes. They are 



Of Xrnopboo a* conversing with Socrate* and other* ; and the**, 

 are the be>t nouroe* for the little that U r. ally known of his cha 

 and principle*, represent him in a favourable light He is alao 



marked by a sententious brevity, a play on words, and a oanstio 



tumour, which may have contributed to affix on liiiu and his followers 



no appellation of Cynic or snarling. He advised the Athenians to 



MM a decree that ahould declare asses to be horses ; and when his 



iroposal was treated as absurd, he replied, " Why. you have generals 



rho know nothing, and arc only elected to bo such." In reply to one 



who told him that many persons spoke well of him, he said, " What 



iciou* act have I donef" On being reproach, d for keeping bad 



ompany, ho replied, " Physicians are with their patient*, and yet they 



don't take the fever." 



The doctrine* of Antisthenes had chiefly a moral and a practical 

 ind. It is not possible to state them in anything like a systematic 

 onn from such evidence as we have. He had probably no great 

 originality as a thinker ; and the best part of his moral philosophy 

 larmoniaes with that of Socrates. But, as in other like cases, many 

 hings may have been attributed to Antisthenes as the founder of a 

 sect which belongs to the later Cynics. 



ANTOINE DE BOURBON, duke of Vendome, married, in 1543, 

 feanne d'Albrot, only child of Henry II., king of Navarre. Henry, 

 Prince of Beam, afterwards Henry IV. of France, was the offspring of 

 this marriage. Antoine assumed the title of king of Navarre in iL-Kt 

 of his wife. The Bourbon* were collaterals of the Valois dynasty, 

 wing descended from Robert, count of Clermout, a younger sou of 

 ..ouis IX. As such, Autoiue de Bourbon aspired to be at tha head of 

 he administration of France after the accession of the youthful kiug 

 Francis II. ; but being himself of an in.loleut, wavering disposition, 

 le was supplanted by the more enterprising and ambitious ( 

 uncles to the young queen, Mary Stuart After the death of FrancU II. 

 n 1500, the king of Navarre was named Lieuteuant-Ueneral of the 

 lingdom, and adviser to the queen-mother (Catherine de Medici*) 

 during Charles IX. 's minority. When the civil and religious war broke 

 out in 1562, the king of Navarre commanded the king'* troop*, and 

 received a wound at the liege of Kouen, of which he died in November 

 of the same year. [See BOURBON, and HENRY IV.] 



ANTOINETTE, MARIE. [UxniK.] 



ANTOMMAHCHI, FRANCESCO, a surgeon of some reputation as 

 an anatomist, but more likely to be remembered in hi* capacity of 

 physician to Napoleon I. at St Helena. Antornmarchi, a native of 

 Jorsica, studied medicine at Pi-ia, and was towards the close of the 

 pear 1812 elected anatomical dissector to the hospital of Santa Maria 

 Nuova of Florence, attached to the university of Pisa. This appoint- 

 ment rendered him the principal assistant of his anatomical teacher, 

 Uascagui. In 1818 the Chevalier Colonna, chamberlain to Madame 

 Mire, mode overtures to Antornmarchi for the purpose of inducing 

 liiai to accept the appointment of surgeon to the Emperor Napoleon I., 

 and he accepted the offer. The history of Antommarchi, from this 

 time till hi* return to Europe iu 1821, i part of the biography of 

 Napoleon. Immediately on his return ho was involved in a dispute 

 with the heirs of Mascagni,who wished to reclaim from him the plates 

 and manuscript of the ' Grande Auatoinia,' which he had undertaken 

 to edit, and he eventually gave them up. In Ib25 a series of anato- 

 mical plates, the size of life, by Antommarchi, were announced a* on 

 the eve of publication at the lithographical establishment of Count do 

 Lasteyrie at Paris. The heirs of Mascagni forthwith published a letter 

 to the count, iu which they asserted that Autommarchi's lithographed 

 drawings were mere copies from the plates of Mascagni. A favour.iblo 

 report of the work however was presented to the Acadomie des Sciences 

 by Magendie and Dumcril. Fifteen parts of this work were pul 

 with the title, ' Planches Anatomiquea du Corps lluinaiu,' Paris, 1823- 

 1826, royal folio, including forty-five finished and thirty-five outline 

 lithographed drawing* of inconsiderable merit The controversy appears 

 to have died away, through lapse of time, without a positive decision 

 being pronounced in favour of the claims of either party. During the 

 Polish revolution ho went to Warsaw, where he was appointed general 

 Inspector of military hospitals. 



Thu following account of another curious controversy, in which 

 Antommarchi was engaged, ia translated from the ' Nouvello Biogra- 

 phic Universelle,' Paris, 1852: "Soon after the revolution of July," 

 says Doctor Bourdon, " Antommarchi remembered that he had takeu 

 a cast of the head of the dying hero. Now, about niue years nfter 

 his return from St Helena, he first decided on publishing this cast of 

 the emperor. Jt created a great sensation [in Paris], and for a tinio 

 drew Antommarchi from his obscurity, probably also relieving him 

 from pecuniary distress; but at the same time it greatly injured his 

 reputation. As it did not appear from this cast that Napoleon's skull 

 presented that phrenological conformation which, according to (jail, 

 ought to have indicated the most glorious and least contested of hi* 

 faculties, the adversaries of that science made use of it as an argument 

 against Oall and Spurzheim ; and thence sprang the disputes which 

 still continue. The fact U, that there were some reason* for doubting 

 whether tho cast published by Antommarchi had really been in< 

 at St Helena after the death of the emperor : it was found to bear 

 more resemblance to Bonaparte tho firtt consul than to the illustrious 

 exile, worn out by six year* of Borrow and want of sleep, emaciated by 

 disease, and with the furrows ploughed by fifty-two years. Neither 

 does this cast of Autommarchi accord with what Dr. O'Mcara and 

 Qeueral Montholon have related of the thinness of Napoleon, and of 

 the alteration of his feature* in the latter part of his existence. Sui- 



