ANT 



ANTONIUS, CAIUa 



1M 



I with th emperor in the government of the Roman world. 

 OB Hadrian's drath IA u ISM he became emprror, with the title nf 

 Antoninus Augustus, to which the name of Pius U added on hi* 

 He **ea nrver to hare left lUljr after hi* elevation, bat hi* 

 t j"-H*' 1 the security of the province*, an.l protect*, I the fron- 

 layratalon. In Britain. LoJUo. UrWco* conormed the former 

 the Moor* of Africa were compelled to sue for peace ; and 



conquest* ; the Moors of Africa were compelled to *ue for peace ; 

 the attempt* at rebellion in Germany, Greece, Judsja, and Egypt, 

 oheesTid by the vigour of hi* governor*. One of the most curious 

 twite in the foreign attain of the reign of Antoninus i* hi* helping 

 the Olbiopolhns, or inhabitants of Olbia, a Greek colony on the Bory- 

 theare, *cam*t a nation called the) Tauro-Scythir, probably a nomadic 

 race of the Dnieper ead the Don. The Tauro-Scythss were compelled 

 by the Roman emperor to give hostage* to the people of Olbia. The 

 emperor died at Lorium in the seventy-fifth year of his age (seventieth, 

 according to CapHoUnna, who ha* written an ill-digested biography of 

 this emperor), B.C. 161, and was succeeded by Marcus Aurelius. com- 

 monly called Antoninu* the Philosopher. Antoninu* wa* buried in 

 the tomb of Hadrian, one of the architectural monuments with which 



i married Annia Faustina, the daughter of Anniu* Verns, 

 by whom he had four children, one of whom, Faustina, became the 

 wife of M. Aurrliu*. The conduct of Antoninus'* wife gave occasion 

 to aoandal ; but on her death, in the third year of the emperor** reign, 

 the eenaU paid her the usual compliment of divine honour*, and 

 lie.eses.il the erection of a temple, with statue* of gold and silver, to her 

 sastnoty. A temple erected to Antoninu* and Faustina still exists in 

 part in the Campo Vaccine at Rome. The general character of the 

 policy of Antoninu* wa* beneficent and just, and the Roman world 

 perhap* never had a more indulgent and amiable master. He con- 

 tinned the governor* of province* for many yean in office when their 

 conduct wa* aatiafactory ; and the provinces themaelvee enjoyed under 

 hi* reign freedom from all exorbitant taxation. He surrounded him- 

 self with a council of chosen friend*, without whose advice he took no 

 public measure of any kind. Their counsels directed him in drawing 

 up the imperial decrees (forma), which were to have the force of law. 

 Judges who discharged their duty faithfully were never removed. In 

 his elevated station the emperor maintained the simple character of 

 his early life, mingling in the society of his friends like one of the 

 same rank, and using nis unlimited power more like a private citizen 

 intrusted with it by his fellow-countrymen than as the undisputed 

 master of the empire. Antoninus continued the then existing practice 

 of bestowing pensions or allowances, and gave salaries and honorary 

 distinctions to the profeuors of rhetoric and philosophy in all the 

 provinces. Apollonius the Stoic wa* specially invited from Chalcis to 

 superintend the education of M. Aurelius. But the idle and worthless 

 who had obtained public allowances felt the effect of the prudent 

 emperor's reforms, who remarked, " that nothing was more disgraceful, 

 nothing more cruel, than for a man to feed on the public property 

 who had done) nothing to improve it" 



Gold. BrIU.li X umm. Diameter doubled. 



Under the reign of Antoninus, the lawyers Umidius Veros, Salviua 

 Valeoa. VolushM Metianus, Ulplus Maroellus, and Diabolenus, were 

 employed by the emperor in improving the law*. One of the empe- 

 ror's regulations of sanitary polio, is worth recording : he forbade the 

 boryinsr of dead bodies In cities. His policy towards the Christians 

 was mild. He embellished the imperial city with various edifices, and 

 extended hi* liberality also to remote citie. of the empire. Antoninu* 

 was tall and handsome in person, and his habits were abstemious and 

 regular. He was honoured with the name of IHrut (God) at his 

 death, and all the tokens of respect paid to the best emperors were 

 HTM to his memory. He appear* to have bean on* of the most 

 assiaole princes whom history has recorded. 



" C 10 """. W of Anionmu; and Schloiser, Univenal- 



CeWrfiefe, voL hi. part 1.) 



ANTONIO, one of the claimants to the throne of Portugal after 

 the death of King Sebastian, wa* the natural son of the Infante Don 



!&.?? * *? "* Antonio accompanied his cousin, King 

 MMtta*io Ms unfortunate expedition toAJWoa, and was S3 

 taken* caoUv, in 1478. Conoealin, his real name and rank, he *ue- 

 eeded in obtaining hi. deliverance; bat on hi* return to Lisbon, 



found his uncle, Cardinal Enrique, who had been appointed regent by 

 Sebastian, in possession of the throne. Antonio immediately claimed 

 the crown ; and, by the advice of the Pope's nuncio, appealed to the 

 Archbishop of Lisbon, reserving the final decision to the Pope. The 

 cardinal-king declared Antonio a traitor, degraded him from his rank, 

 and exiled him from Portugal Antonio Bed to Spain, where he pro- 

 posed to give up his chum to the crown in favour of the kin* of Spain. 

 Philip II., for an annual pension of 300,000 ducats and the regency of 

 Portugal during his life. This extravagant proposal was naturally 

 rejected. In the mean time the cardinal-king assembled the Cortes 

 of the realm at Lisbon, in April, 1679, to decide the question of the 

 succession ; but before the Cortes had pronounced their judgment the 

 king died, on the 1st of January, 1580. 



The Cortes was at this time at Aluierin. Antonio, who had already 

 returned from Spain, hastened to Lisbon, where he summoned the 

 authorities to receive him as king. Not succeeding here he repaired 

 to Santarem, where the deputies of the third estate had removed from 

 Almerin ; and here he succeeded in inducing the multitude to recognise 

 him, and he was proclaimed king. 



Antonio now proceeded to Lisbon, and was proclaimed king in that 

 capital. The Duke of Alba, at the head of the Castiliau army, in the 

 mean time invaded the kingdom to take possession of it in the name 

 of Philip, aud reduced Elvas, Villaviciosa, Eatremos, Montemor, and 

 other places; while several important towns opened their gate* to the 

 Spanish forces. The Marquis of Santa Cruz, with the Spanish fleet, 

 had also Uken possession of other places on the coast. Antonio, at 

 the head of 12,000 men, courageously opposed the invaders; but he 

 was defeated, and the duke entered Lisbon by capitulation. Antonio 

 retreated, and proceeded to Oporto, where he knew he had some 

 adherents. The success of the Castilian arms however had changed 

 the dispositions of the inhabitants, aud they refused to admit Antonio ; 

 but some of his partisans having opened one of the gate*, be entered 

 the town like an enemy, and his soldiers committed the most violent 

 excesses. The Spaniards soon arrived before Oporto, and Antonio's 

 diminished and undisciplined forces fled before the Spanish veteran*. 

 Antonio escaped to Viana do Minbo, where he embarked ; but the 

 sea was so rough that he was forced back to land. He disguised him- 

 self in a sailor's dress, and by mixing only with the lower orders was 

 able to remain for some months in Portugal, until at last he escaped 

 to France. 



At Paris he published a manifesto in Latin, French, and Dutch, aud 

 sent it to Holland and England, whence he expected assistance. This 

 document bears the date of 1585. In 1588 he came to England, soon 

 after the destruction of the Spanish armada. He was favourably 

 received by Queen Elizabeth, who was at last persuaded to equip a 

 fleet, in which she sent the exile back to his country. In 158V, the 

 expedition, consisting of 120 vessels with about 20,000 volunteers, 

 sailed from Plymouth under the command of Sir Francis Drake and 

 Sir John Norris ; but being repulsed in an attack upon Lisbon, and 

 not receiving the adhesion of the inhabitants, as Antonio had led 

 them to expect, they gave up the enterprise and returned home. 

 Antonio retired to France, where he ended his days in obscurity and 

 indigence, on the 26th of August, 1595. 



(Lemos, Hittoria General de Portugal, voL xvii. ; Antonio de 

 Herrera, tiitloria de Portugal ; Mariana.) 



ANTONIO, NICOLAS, or NICOLAO, a Spanish writer, born at 

 Seville, in 1617. He received his early education at the Dominican 

 school of that city, where he also studied divinity two years. In 

 1636 he went to the University of Salamanca, whore he studied civil 

 and canon law under the celebrated jurist Ramos del Manzano. In 

 1639 he was made a Bachelor of Arts. He returned afterwards to 

 Seville, and devoted his time entirely to the collection of materials 

 for his chief work, of which the best edition is entitled, ' Bibliotheca 

 Hispa&a, vetus et nova, sive Hispauorum Scriptoruui, qui ab Octaviano 

 Augusti cevo ad Annum Christi MDCLXXXIV. florueruut, Notitia. 

 Curante Francisco Perezio Bayerio.' Matriti, Joachimus Ibarra. 1788, 

 4 vols. folio. ('Bibliotheca Hispnna, Ancient and Modern, or an 

 Account of the Spanish Writers who have flourished since the age of 

 Octavianus Augustus to the year 1684.') Of this book, Baillet says 

 that he prefers it to all the works of the kind in existence. For 

 Spanish literature, there is certainly neither a better nor a safer guide. 

 He also wrote a work, when he was 23 years of age, on ' Banishment, 

 and the Condition and Rights of the Exiled.' In 1646 he was created 

 a Knight of Santiago, and in 1669 Philip IV. appointed him general 

 agent for the court of Spain at Rome, which office he held with 

 honour until he was recalled by Charles II. He was then made a 

 canon of Seville, and created a counsellor of Castile. He resided after- 

 wards for some time at Seville; subsequently he went to Madrid, where 

 he died of epilepsy on the 13th of April, 1684. 



Antonio was a man of a liberal and charitable disposition. Not- 

 withstanding the lucrative office* he hod held, he died *o poor that 

 he did not leave hi* heir* sufficient property to enable them to print 

 part of the works which he left unpublished. Cardinal Aguirre, the 

 author's friend, defrayed the expenses of the publication. 



(Th author's own book ; the Biugr. Univ. ; Bayle, Dictionary.) 



ANTONIUS, CAIUS, surnamed Hybrida, son of Marcus Antonius, 

 the orator, wa* the colleague of Cicero in hi* consulship (B.C. 63). It 

 became his duty, under the orders of the senate, to conduct the war 



