ANTONIU3, MARCUS. 



ANVILLE, JKAN BAPTISTE BOUROUIQNON If. SM 



geoeroaity, most bear hii (hire of the guilt, more particularly in rela- 

 tion to Luciui Cstaar and Cioero. The former of three, bin maternal 

 node, was saved indeed by the bold interference of lit mother, Julia ; 

 but Cioero, who bad escaped from Rome when Cagear appeared there 

 with his army, wai oTerUken by his pureuers on the court, and bis 

 head and right hand were out off and fixed on the rostra of the Roman 

 forum. 



In the diruion of the provinces between the triumvir*, Antony 

 received the wliole of Qallia Citerior and Ulterior, with the exception 

 of Uillia NarbonenaU. To him and Cnaar wai assigned the conduct 

 of the war against Brutus and Cassias ; and in the following year this 

 war was brought to a close by two battles in the neighbourhood of 

 Philippi, in both of which the snoeese was due almost exclimively to 

 Antony. Antony remained some time in Greece, particularly at 

 Athens, where he ingratiated himself with the citizens. Ho then 

 crossed into Asia, and Epheans became the scene of more than Asiatic 

 luxury. At Tarsui he aaw the fascinating Cleopatra, whose influence 

 so fatally affected his fortunes. He had summoned her to answer some 

 accusation! brought against her of assisting Caasius in the late war ; 

 and the queen, in obedience to the command, appeared in her gorgeous 

 barge upon the Cydnus attired as the goddess Venus. Antony was led 

 captive to Alexandria, where he lost sight of all that was going on in 

 the world around him. He was at last roused from his voluptuous 

 unreal A Parthian army under the guidance of Labienus, a Roman 

 of the senatorian party, had overrun all the provinces from Syria to 

 Asia. Antony set out to oppose them, but had scarcely arrived in 

 Phoenicia when he wae induced by the urgent solicitations of Fulvia 

 to proceed with a fleet of 200 sail towards Italy to oppose Caar. But 

 the war hi this quarter was at an end before his arrival. The death 

 f Kulvia. who, with Antony's brother Lucius, had been the chief 

 cause of the war, led to a speedy reconciliation between Antony and 

 Cesar, which was cemented by the union of Antony with Octavia, the 

 balf-aister of Closer, herself but recently a widow by the death of Mar- 

 cellos. On this occasion a new division of the empire was made, in 

 which Antony received as his portion all the provinces east of the 

 Adriatic. 



Leaving the management of affairs at home to Cicsar, Antony pro- 

 ceeded with Octavia to Greece. His lieutenant Veutidiun, to whom 

 be bad left the conduct of the Parthian war, was highly successful in 

 the years B.C. 39 and 38. As these successes had been obtained by a 

 lieutenant under the auspices of Antony, the latter was entitled, by the 

 establif bed principles of Roman warfare, to the honour of the triumph ; 

 but Antony, guided by a more generous feeling, sent Ventidiua to 

 Rome to enjoy this honour. Another of his lieutenants, Sosius, was 

 scarcely lea* successful in a Jewish war against Antigonua, for which 

 he likewise triumphed a few years after (B.C. 34); and a third, Cam- 

 dim, had recovered Armenia, and carried the arms of Home to the 

 foot of the Caucasus. On the other hand, the siege of Samosata, 

 which was partly conducted l.y the general in person, rather detracted 

 from than added to his military fame by the long and determined 

 defence of the Commagenian prince Antiochua, But Antony was 

 again called to Italy by the suspicious conduct of Caesar. After his 

 arrival a second reconciliation was effected by the mediation of 

 Octavia, and Julia, the mother of Antony, who at the same time be- 

 longed to the house of Cesar. This new arrangement took place at 

 the end of B.C. 37, or in the following spring. The most important 

 article was the renewal of the triumviral power for a second period of 

 five years, commencing from the last day of the year 88, the day on 

 which toe first period of their triumvirate terminated. Cawar now 

 conducted the war against Pompey, while Antony directed his arms 

 against the Partbiana. His preparations for the invasion of the Par- 

 thian empire were on the largest scale, but the influence of the 

 Egyptian queen, by causing delay, produced the most disastrous 

 eflecU. After a campaign in which the soldiers showed the greatest 

 spirit, and toe general, on some occasions, no little military talent, a 

 retreat was effected with great lost. 



In the following year, Antony was anxiously looking out for an 

 opportunity of revenging himself upon the king of Armenia, whose 

 deeertion in the Parthian invasion bad greatly weakened his strength. 

 A quarrel between the king of Media and the Parthians seemed to 

 oftcr a favourable opportunity. The following year, the invasion of 

 Armenia took place, and by treachery, Antony got the king into his 

 power. In the mean time, Caw, by the overthrow of 8. Pompeius 

 and the usurpation of the provinces assigned to Lepidus, was at last 

 prepared for a contest with Antony himself. In B.C. 33, Antony 

 again commenced an invasion of Parthia, butas soon as he had reached 

 the Araxee, be retraced his steps to prepare for the war that now 

 threatened him from the west. Still a second year was paased in pre- 

 parations ; and in B.C, 31, the possession of the Roman world was 

 decided by U victory off Actium. From that day the fate of Antony 

 was fix-d. In August, sic. 30, Cavar appeared with a fleet and army 

 before Alexandria, to which Antony bad retreated ; and the desertion 

 of his fleet and of hie cavalry before bis eyes left him only tbe poor 

 hope of .nstaiaing a siege. A false report of tbe death of Cleopatra 

 eoapleted hi. despair, and be killed himself with bis own sword. 

 Oeooatra likewise saved herself by suicide from adorning the triumph 

 ^Z^y?;- AntooT ' He at hi. death was a little more than 

 fifty ; that of Cleopatra tbirty-niae. He was four times married, or 



indeed, five times, if we may admit his marriage with Fadia, on the 

 authority of Cioero. Of his two children by Fulvia, Antyllus the 

 elder was put to death ; and the younger, lulus Antoniue, to whom 

 Horace has addressed an ode, after long enjoying the favour of Augus- 

 tus, suffered for bis intimacy with Julia, the emperor's daughter. By 

 Octavia, he had at least two daughters ; and by Cleopatra, a daughter 

 of the same name, and two sons, Alexander and Ptolemy Philadelphia. 

 Of these, tbe daughter married the learned African prince Juba, 



The beads of Antony and Cleopatra are taken from a silver coin in 

 the British Museum, in which the expression of Cleopatra's face fully 

 agrees with the assertion of Plutarch, that her fascinating powers 

 depended not so much on her beauty, in which she was inferior to 

 Octavia, as on the charms of her manner and conversation. Plutarch 

 also mentions the remarkable aquiline nose of Antony. 



(Cicero, tetteri and Oration*; Ctesar; Velleius ; Livy, Epitome*; 

 Plutarch, Life of Antony, Dion, Ajtpian, Ac.; and Clinton, Fcuti.) 



ANVILLE (JEAN BAPTISTE BOURGUIONON D'), a distin- 

 guished geographer, was born at Paris in 1697. From his boyhood he 

 showed a strong bias for geographical studies. At twelve years of 

 age, while at college, a map which he happened to see determined his 

 pursuits. He began alone and without assistance to draw maps of 

 the countries mentioned in the Latin classics which he was then 

 studying. For this exercise he sometimes neglected his regular tasks, 

 and he was once caught in hia favourite employment by the pro- 

 fessor of bis class, who perceiving on the rough sketch before him 

 evident signs of the genius of his pupil, gave him encouragement to pro- 

 ceed. After leaving college, he became acquainted with several learned 

 men, particularly with the Abb<5 de Longuerue, a laborious investi- 

 gator of antiquities, at whose request he set about drawing several 

 maps of France and its various provinces, for the Abbe's work ; ' Des- 

 cription Geographique et Historiquc de la France Ancienue et 

 Moderne.' At the age of twenty-two, be was appointed one of the 

 king's geographers. Soon after, his map of the kingdom of Arogon 

 was published by desire of the duke of Orleans, regent of France, and 

 against D'Anville's judgment, who did not consider it as sufficiently 

 accurate. He was employed b.v tbe Jesuits to make an atlas of China 

 for the edition of Duhalde's History of that empire. This Atlas 

 (' Nouvel Atlas de la Chine,' c.) was also published at the Hague in 

 1787. But the work that established his reputation, was hU map of 

 Italy, which he published in 1743. In 1744, D'Anville published his 

 ' Geographical Analysis of Italy,' in illustration of his map. lie drew 

 several maps of sacred geography, namely, ' Ecclesia Africana,' and 

 the four Patriarchates of Constantinople, Antiochia, Jerusalem, and 

 Alexandria, for the ' Oriens Christianus' of Father Le Quieu. A full 

 catalogue of D'Anville's works and maps is given by BarbiiS do Bocage 

 in his ' Notice dcs Ouvrages de M. D'Anville pre'cc'dc'e de son Kloge 

 par M. Docier,' Paris, 1802. He published one hundred and four maps 

 on ancient, and one hundred and six on modern geography. He wrote 

 about forty works, including several memoirs, which are inserted in 

 the ' Recueil de 1'Acoddmie dcs Inscriptions et Belles Lettrcs.' The 

 following are the most important among hia works, all published at 

 Parin, 'Analyse Goograpbique de I'ltalie,' 1744, 4to., already mentioned ; 

 'Dissertation sur 1'Ktcudue de 1'Ancienne Jerusalem,' 1747, 8vo. ; 

 ' M5moire sur la Carte des Cotes de la Grcce,' 1751, 4to. ; ' Notice de 

 1'Ancienne Gaule, tiree des Monumens Remains,' 4 to., 1760; a work 

 much and deservedly esteemed, in which the author however confines 

 himself to Gaul as it was under the Roman empire. To this must be 

 added, ' Eclaircissemens Gc"ographiques sur 1'Ancienno Qaule,' 1743, 

 12mo. ; 'Mdmoire sur 1'Egypte Aucienno et Moderne, suivi d'une 

 Description du Oolfe Arabique,' 1766, 4to. Mr. Ripault, one of the 

 nci ntitic men who accompanied Bonaparte's expedition to I 

 says that they were struck with the accuracy of D'Anvillo's positions. 

 The navigator Bougainville, gave a similar testimony in favour of 

 D'Anville's map of Asia, especially with regard to the Molucca Islands, 

 and the coast of New Guinea. ' Geographic Ancienne Abrade,' 1768, 

 3 volx. 12mo., and 1769, foL, translated into English under tbe title of 

 'Compendium of Ancient Geography,' London, 1791, 2 vols. 8vo. ; 

 TraitiS des Mesures Itine'raires Anciennes et Modernes,' 1769, 8 TO., a 

 most valuable work, in which he estimates and compares the itinerary 

 measures which have been in use in various ages, among the nations 

 of Europe and Asia, and ascertains the variations which each hod 

 undergone in the course of time ; ' Etats Formes en Europe apros la 

 Chute de 1'Empire liomain en Occident,' 1771,' 4to. ; a useful book 

 for the biitory of what ore termed ' the dark ages,' from the 5tU to 



