257 



ANWARI. 



APHTHONIUS. 



the 12th centuries, and forming a link between ancient and modern 

 geography ; ' L'Empire de Russie Considere" dans son Ori<;iue et ses 

 Accroiasemen?,' 1772, 12mo. ; 'L'Euipire Turc Conside're' dans son 

 Etablissement et ses Accroissemens,' 1772, 12mo. From the want of 

 observations, he seems to have fallen into considerable errors in his 

 map of Turkey, and also in his map of Asia Minor. To the neck or 

 isthmus of Asia Minor he assigned a breadth from north to south 

 which was leas than the truth by one whole degree ; this fundamental 

 error necessarily deranged many of his positions, especially in the 

 eastern part of that peninsula. Considering the want of full and 

 accurate observations existing in his time, the geographical works of 

 D'Anville are remarkable productions. For the many disadvantages 

 under which he laboured lie made up in a great measure by his inde- 

 fatigable researches in the authors of antiquity, as well as of the 

 middle ages, who could afford any information on geographical matters, 

 and by a rare sagacity and judgment in eliciting truth out of conflict- 

 ing statements and opinions. He was greatly assisted by his wonder- 

 ful memory. Geography made under him rapid strides towards 

 accuracy ; lie used himself to say, for he was somewhat of an egotist, 

 that " he had found a geography made of bricks, and left one of gold." 

 (See his ' Eloge/ by Dacier, already mentioned.) 



Hut it was only on the subject of his favourite scienca that he 

 showed any vanity ; in all other matters he was simple and un- 

 assuming. It is remarked by the biographer of D'Auville (' Biog. 

 Univeraella ' ) that his style is not good, and that owing to this and 

 other causes there is often a want of method and clearness in his 

 dissertations. In this opinion we entirely concur : his language some- 

 tidies is very inelegant and not very correct. In 1773 the French 

 Academy of Sciences elected him, then 76 years of age, into their 

 body, and the same year he succeeded to the vacant place of first 

 geographer to the king. In 1777 he published his ' Considerations 

 siir 1'Etude et les Oonnoissances quo demande la composition des 

 ,-es Gcographiqties,' a sort of legacy for those who should follow 

 \ the same career. In 1779 Louis XVI. purchased his valuable 

 ' ion of maps, which he had collected in the course of sixty years 

 devoted to science. D'Anville's constitution, naturally delicate, be- 

 came now exhausted, his sight failed, and he at last fell into a state of 

 physical and mental imbecility, from which death relieved him in 

 1782, at the age of 85. His wife, with whom he had passed fifty-one 

 years of his life, died the year before, without his being sensible of 

 her loss. He left only two daughters. There are two more works 

 translated or compiled in English from D'Anville, besides the 

 ' Compendium ' already mentioned, namely, ' A Complete Body of 

 Ancient Geography,' including the ' Orbis Romauus, Orbis Veteribus 

 Notus,' of D'Anvifie, with additions, London, 1775, and the 'Geography 

 of the Greeks and the Romans in the time of Alexander and Augustus,' 

 London, 1816. 



ANWARI, or ENWERI, properly AWHAD-ED-DIN ANWARI, 

 a celebrated Persian poet, who flourished in the 12th century of our 

 era. He was born at Bedna, a village in the district of Abjurd, in 

 Khora?an, and received his education in the college of Mansur, at 

 TUB. A visit of the Seljukide sultan Sanjar to Tus furnished him the 

 first opportunity of making himself known by a poem in praise of the 

 sultan, which is by oriental critics considered one of his best pro- 

 as. Sanjar, who was fond of poetry, enlisted him among his 

 suite, and bestowed honours and ample rewards upon him. Anwari 

 followed the sultan to Merw, then the residence! of the Selpikides. 

 Here the poet devoted himself to astrology, but was not fortunate in 

 hia predictions, and at length retired from Merw to Balkh, where he 

 died in the year 597 of the Hegira (A.D. 1200-1201). Manuscript 

 copies of the ' Diwan,' or collection of poems of Anwari, are not un- 

 frequently met with. It consists chiefly of ' kasidas,' or long poems, 

 mostly panegyric ; and of ' ghazels,' or shorter lyrical effusions. In 

 the ghazels the style of Anwari is simple and comparatively easy, 

 whilt! hi.s ka:-:i<l;i3 abound in metaphors and conceited historical allu- 

 sions. It deserves to be remarked, that the language of Anwari, 

 though he is one of the earlier Persian pouts, is as full of Arabic 

 lions as that of almost any subsequent writer ; whereas, in the 

 1 .Shahnarneh ' of Firdusi, who lived only a little more than 150 years 

 Anwari, we find the Persian in a state of unadulterated purhy. 



APKLLES, one of the most celebrated Greek painters, is generally 

 considered to have been a native of the little island of Cos in the 

 11 sea. Nearly all that we know about him, with the exception 

 of some few scattered notices, is contained in the 1 Oth chapter and 

 the 35th book of Pliny's ' Natural History.' The, time of his birth 

 is not fixed, but we are told that he was at the height of his reputa- 

 tion in Ol. cxii., or about B.C. 332 ; and as he painted a great many 

 portraits of Philip, the father of Alexander, he could not be a very 

 young man in B.C. 336, the time of Philip's death. He also survived 

 Alexander, who died B.C. 323. 



His chief master was Pamphilus, a Macedonian, and a distinguished 

 artist. Apellcs received instruction from him at Sicyon, a city which 

 for some time before and after this date had a high reputation as a 

 school both of sculpture and painting. We are toll that his diligence 

 was unwearied, and that he never passed a day without doing some- 

 thing; "ut nou lineam ducendo exercerct artem:" Winkelmann 

 int-rpreig these words to mean, " that he never passed a day without 

 trying to improve himself as a draughtsman," a sense which the 



BIOO Biv. VOL. I. 



words will very well bear. Apelles is much praised for the frank- 

 ness and plain-dealing of his character. A story is told of him as 

 having given rise to the well-known saying, that a shoemaker should 

 not go beyond his last. Apelles placed a picture which he had finished 

 in a public place, and concealed himself behind it in order to hear 

 the criticisms of the passers-by. A shoemaker observed a defect in 

 the shoe, and the painter forthwith corrected it. The cobbler came 

 again the next day, and being somewhat encouraged by the success of 

 his first remark, began to extend his censure to the leg of the figure, 

 when the angry painter thrust out his head from behind the picture 

 and told the shoemaker to keep to his trade. 



Apelles excelled in grace and beauty. The painter, who laboured 

 incessantly, as we have seen, to improve his skill in drawing, probably 

 trusted as much to that branch of his art as to his colouring : he only 

 used four colours, as we are told (Pliny). His favourite subject was 

 the representation of Venus, the goddess of love, the female blooming 

 in eternal beauty ; and the religious system of the age favoured the 

 taste of the painter. Apelles painted many portraits of Alexander 

 the Great, who often visited his painting-room, and would not sit to 

 anybody else. But it is not very easy to reconcile Alexander's 

 rambling life with this account, unless we suppose that Apelles fol- 

 lowed him into Asia ; a supposition not altogether improbable. 



Apelles painted a portrait of King Antigonus (see his medal 

 AXTIGONUS), which he placed in pi-ofile to hide tlie defect of the want 

 of one eye. We may form some idea of the state of art in that day 

 from that medal, and by the fame of Apelles which has survived his 

 works ; it is not an unlikely hypothesis, that the figure of Antigouus 

 on his coins would be in harmony with his portrait by Apelles. 

 Antigonus was represented on horseback, and this picture was reckoned 

 his master-piece. The next most celebrated was the Venus rising 

 from the sea, first placed in the temple of Esculapius at Cos, and taken 

 thence by Augustus, in lieu of a tribute of 100 talents. It was 

 damaged in its transition to Rome, but was placed in the temple of 

 Julius Ciesar, and having decayed, was replaced by a copy about 350 

 years afterwards. It was thenceforward lost. 



The. great picture of Alexander by Apelles was in the temple of 

 Diaua at Ephesus ; other pictures by Apelles were in Samos and 

 Rhodes, and Rome contained several in the time of Pliny. A Hercules 

 in the temple of Autonia was attributed to him. Apelles published 

 a work on painting, which has been lost. He was accustomed to use 

 a varnish for his pictures, which brought out the colours, and pre- 

 served them at the same time. The date of his death is unknown. 



APEL'LICON,a personage principally memorable for his connection 

 with the preservation of the works of Aristotle. According to Strabo 

 (book xiii., p. 608, &c. Casaub.), he was a native of Teos, but went to 

 Athens, and was admitted a citizen of that state. He was very rich, 

 and his vanity seems to have led him to seek distinction by the 

 assumption of the literary character. He spared no expense in 

 amassing books ; but Strabo says that he was rather Philobiblos (a 

 lover of books), than Philosophos (a lover of wisdom). Among other 

 libraries which he purchased was that which had been collected by 

 Aristotle more than 200 years before ; and which, enriched as it was 

 by the manuscripts of that philosopher himself, aud of his pupil 

 Theophrastus, had, according to the improbable story, been long con- 

 cealed by the persons into whose hands the collection had fallen. 

 Having been deposited in a cellar under ground for about a century 

 and a half, the books had suffered much from their long entombment, 

 and the copyists whom Apellicon employed to transcribe them were 

 not very well qualified to restore the passages which had been ren- 

 dered illegible. When thus for the first time published, they conse- 

 quently appeared in a very faulty state. When Sulla conquered 

 Athens (B.C. 86) he carried to Rome, among other literary treasures, 

 the library of Apellicon, who bad just died; and this particular col- 

 lection, Plutarch says, he retained as his own property. Several care- 

 less copyists made transcripts of some of the works for publishers 

 (Bibliopoloi) of that day, but it was not until Andronious of Rhodes 

 [ANDRONnus], who was an acquaintance of Tyrannion, the gram- 

 iiiariitn, undertook the task of correcting tho writings aud putting 

 them in order, that they were given to the world in anything like a 

 correct form. Atheuajus (v., p. 214, Casaub.), informs us that Apel- 

 licon was discovered to have got into his possession the originals of 

 many of the ancient public decrees from the city archives, which so 

 enraged the Athenians against him, that he was obliged to run away 

 to save his life. The influence of his friends and his own wealth 

 however soon obtained his return ; and he was invested with the 

 command of the island of Delos. During his government the Romans 

 effected a descent upon the island, and, falling upon the garrison while 

 they were asleep, put nearly all of them to the sword. Apellioon 

 succeeded in making his escape; and, having returned to Athens, he 

 died there a short time before the capture of the city by Sulla. 

 Athcmcus says that Apellicon embraced the opinions of the Peri- 

 patetics; aud a work of his, in defence of Aristotle, is quoted in a 

 passage of another ancient writer preserved by Eusebius. (Bayle, in 

 articles 'Andronicus' and ' Tyranuion." ARISTOTLE.) 



APHTHO'NIUS, a Greek rhetorician of Antioch, whose epoch seems 

 rather difficult to fix; some place him about the end of tho 2nd cen- 

 tury A.D. ; others, as Fabricius, in the 3rd, and the other critics still 

 later. We know with certainty ^ that he lived after Hermogenes 



