APIAN. 



APOLLINAttlS 8IDONIUS, Si'. 



10} 



lieoanse he quote* this rhetorician, and in fact worked up the ' Profrym- 

 n-uiu' of Herinogeue* iuto a new shape, also entitli-d ' Protivinna*- 

 maU.' There is a curious passage in Aphthonius about Alexandria, (De 

 Sacy, ' Abd-Allatif,' p. 182.) Aphthooiui ha* also left forty Greek 

 fabUe. The work of A planoum.* ii an elementary treatue on rhetoric; 

 in the 16th nod 17th centuries it was much in use, and there were 

 numerous edition! of it Aphthonius was fint incorporated by the 

 elder Aldus with the other rhetorician.: 'Rhetora Gneci.,' Venice, 

 1(06, fol. The latest edition ii by J. Scheffer, Upsal, 1870 and 16SO, 

 Svo.. with the ' Progymnaamata of Theon.' 



Al'lAN, or A1T1AN. rKTK.lt, an astronomer, and, we may add, 

 astrologer, born at Leipzig, died at Ingolrtadt, where he was professor 

 of mathematics, in 1652, tgrd 57. His real name was Bienewitz, some- 

 times misspelt r.iuewilt Itirne' in Grrtnan signifies a ' ber,' whence 

 the Latin Apianua. He was in farour with Charles V., who gave him 

 an order of knighthood and the title of Count, as well as more sub- 

 stantial rewards. He is principally remarkable for bis observations of 

 comets, and is said to bare been the first who observed that their toils 

 arc generally turned from the sun. He also attempted the solution 

 of astronomical problems by mechanism, ai described in his ' Opus 

 CjDsareum,' and is said moreover to have pointed out the use which 

 might be made of lunar observations in navigation. His sou Philip 

 ucceeded him at Ingolstadt, which place he was obliged to quit in 

 ISM, on account of his embracing the Protestant religion. He enjoyed 

 some celebrity as an astronomer and mathematician, and died profes- 

 sor at Tubingen in 15S9. (Biograpkie l'*irtntUe, and the work of 



AITCIl'S. There were three Romans of this name, all of them 

 celebrated for their love of good eating. The first was contemporary 

 with Sulla ; the second with Augustus and Tiberius ; the third with 

 Trajan. Of these the second is the most famous, being celebrated by 

 Seoeca, Pliny, Juvenal, Martial. Ac. Athenieus (p. 7, Caaaub.) places 

 him under Tiberius, and mentions that cert tin cakes were named after 

 him, Apician.' Seneca aays that be was alive in his time, and infected 

 the ase by establishing a regular school of professors and pupils in 

 the science of good eating in Rome, from which, in the days of 

 implicity and severity, even philosophers had been expelled as the 

 oomiptors of youth. The inordinate expense of his culinary estab- 

 Itthment reduced his fortune and involved him in debt ; when, finding 

 that, after clearing off hU incumbrances, he should have left a pittance 

 utterly inadequate to keep such a body and soul together, he took 

 poison in preference to pining after unattainable luxuries. The third 

 Apicius is to be honoured as the inventor of the art of pickling oysters 

 (Atl.en. 7). 



The name of Apicius became familiar as a household and culinary 

 word ; it was preserved by the spirit of party ; and the cooks of ages 

 after were divided into Apicians and anti-Apiciana. A treatise, 'Do ro 

 Cnlinaria,' is extant under the name of Calius Apicius. It is con- 

 sidered by critics as ancient, although not written by any of the three 

 whom we have mentioned. Martin Lister republished it in London in 



'05, with the title ' De Obsoniis et Condimentis, sive de Arte Coquin- 

 aria.' The humorous Dr. King ridiculed it in a poem, entitled ' The 

 Art of Cookery.' 



(Bmyrapkit i'nirertellt.) 



ATIUX, son of Powtdonius, was born in Oasis, a town in Libya, 

 seven days journey from Thebes, probably the modern Oasi, called 

 H-Wak Apion was educated at Alexandria, and wished to pass for a 

 Ureek native of that city, although he was of Egyptian extraction. 

 Apion was a disciple of Apolloniun, the son of Archibius, and of 

 Didymus, from whom lie imbibed his fondness for the poetry of 

 Homer. Under the emperor Claudius, who reigned A.D. 41-54, he 

 ocaeednd the Urammai ian Tueon at Rome. When the Greek 

 iunabiianU of Alexandria endeavoured to deprive the Jews who 

 resided there of the privileges conferred upon them by Alexander 

 toe Great at the foundation of the city, and confirmed by the 

 Ptolemies and tde Csjsars, Apion was appointed to advocate their 

 cause againut the Jews. On this occasion he endeavoured to kindle 



M wrath of the emperor Caius Caligula, by puiutiug out that the 

 Jews would neither erect statues to the emperor nor swear by his 



>:ir, wbiUt they preferred to worship the head of an ass made of 



id gold, which was of iinmenw value, and was stated to have been 



MOrrred when Antiochus Epiphanes entered the 'temple at 



ten. Apion also recounted some monstrous fables respecting 



*Jlnl practices of the Jews in connection with this idol worship. He 



did not bowevrr fully succeed against Philo, who was sent to Home by 



the Jews of Alexandria to plead their cause. Philo, who was at the 



bead of the embassy of the Alexsndrian Jews, commenced his reply 



us accusation, but the emperor Cains insultingly commanded 



USB to leave the imperial presence. The emperor sent Petronius, the 



" I00l " or of Viullius, as legato to Syria, with orders to place his 



i the te.nplo at Jerusalem. 1'etronius marched an army into 



Jodsm. but was so much touched with the intreaties of the Jews not 



to iKofan. their Mortuary, and with their readiness rather to die than 



l the cmprror's statue, that he delayed tho commencement of 



the war, and requested the emperor to revoke bis orders. Caius 



giant*.! this revocation to his favourite Herodes Agrippa, but com- 



l Petronius to commit suicide for his disobedience. The news 



of Calijulas death arrived in Syria before UM later in which Petro- 



nius was ordered to kill himself if he would avoid the tortures 

 prepared for him. Thus Apion' plan to hurt the Jews was pro- 

 vi.l.-ntially failed. (Joseph., ' Archmologia,' 1. xviii cap. 8.) 



i was esteemed for his Laming; but already, before his 

 contest with Philo, he was known at Rome as a man of ostentatious 

 character. Tiberius named him Cymbalum Mundi (Cymbal of the 

 I' inverse), on account of his vain boastings; but Pliny, A piou'n dis- 

 ciple, calls him rather Publics: Famto Tympanum, or the Kettle- 1 inim 

 of Fame. Of his writings, there have only been preserved the story 

 of 'Androolus and the Lion' (Gellius, v. 14). and the 'Dolphin at 

 Dicatarcbia ' (Gellius, vii. 8), with fragments from the work against 

 the Jews, preserved by Josephus in his reply. Jos> puna's refutation 

 of the misrepresentations of Apion and his authorities is contain* ! in 

 the commencement of the second of his two books on the 'Antiquities 

 of the Jews.' 



(Seneca, ep. 88; Pltn., Pnrf. JJi,'. .\at., and lib. xxxvi. c. 12; 

 Suidas, ed. Kiister, L p. 267.) 



APOLLIN'ARIS, or APOLLINAUIUS, a native of Alexandria, 

 taught grammar at Berytua, a town ou the coast of Phoenicia, and 

 afterwards in Laodicea of the game country. Apollinaris married and 

 became presbyter of Laodicea. His sou, likewise called Apolliuaris, 

 was one of the greatest orators, poeti, and philosophers of his age. 

 Apolliuaris the younger became professor of eloquence at Laodicea 

 before A.D. 335, and nft-.-rw.irds lecturer of the Christian congregation. 

 Both father and son continued their intercourse with learned heathens 

 after their ordination. They were friends of Libanius, and attended 

 the lectures (if Epiphanius the sophi.it, who taught at Laodicea, and 

 afterwards in Athens. On this account, and especially because they 

 were present when Epiphanius recited a poem in praise of Bacchus, 

 they were excommunicated by Theodotus, bishop of Laodicea ; but 

 were again, on doing penance, admitted iuto church-fellowship. 

 Georgios, the successor of Theodotus, A.D. 350, being an Arian, 

 banished them, either on account of their continued intercourse with 

 Epiphanius, or on account of their adherence to the Nicene Creed and 

 tho friendship of the younger Apollinaria for Athauasius. This 

 friendship bad commenced in 349, at the time that Athanasius passed 

 through Laodicea. When Julian forbad tho Christiana to interpret 

 the Greek classics, the Apollinaris, father and sou, composed imitations 

 for the use of schools. The father wrote a grammar for Christians. 

 Socrates ('Hist Ecclo*.,' iii. 16) attributes to the father some epic 

 poems and tragedies founded on the history of the Old Testament ; 

 but Sozomenus (' Hist Kccles.,' v. 18) ascribes these productions to 

 the son, who transformed also the New Testament into the manner 

 and style of Platonic dialogues. After the death of Julian the classics 

 were read again, and the imitations of Apollinaris forgotten. 



The younger Apollinaris is mentioned (in ' Athanas. Ep. ad Antio- 

 chenos,' torn. i. ; Opp. ed. Montfaucon,' vol. ii., p. 776) as orthodox 

 bishop of Laodicea in 362, whilst Pelagius was bishop of the Arinns in 

 that city. He was esteemed by, and had some epistolary correspon.1. -;i<v 

 with, Athanasius, Basilina Magnus, and other great men of that age. 

 Apollinaris distinguished himself especially by polemical and cxe 

 writings; for instance, by his work on ' Truth,' against the Emperor 

 Julian and tho heathen philosophers. Apolliuaris's thirty books 

 against Porphyrius, against the ManicuEcaus, Arians, Marcellua, and 

 others, were highly esteemed. Hieronymus himself, during hi 

 deuce at Antiocuia in 373 and 374, enjoyed the t-xegetical instructions 

 of Apollinaris, then bihop of the neighbouring Laodioea. Tho inter- 

 pretations of Apollinaris, quoted iu the commentaries of Hieronymus, 

 were peculiarly valuable iu those days on account of his knowledge of 

 the Hebrew tongue, 



In tha latter part of his life, Apollinaris, who ha 1 strenuously 

 defended the Athauasian doctrine of the Trinity, himself incurred 

 the reproach of heresy, because he taught that the divine logos occu- 

 pied in the person of Christ the place of the human oul. Ac.-- 

 to him, Christ was (IWopKot) ii.ciirimte, but not ((ntyvxos) insouled. 

 His disciples, who were very numerous, wore called ApolliuarisU. His 

 heresy became generally known in :;71. Apollinarisiu was first con- 

 > at the synod held at Rome in 37."'. which in-Iui ! \p..!ii;rui< 

 to form a separate congregation, over which ho "i.him- 1 the presbyter 

 Vitilis as bishop. Hence the Apollinarists are also called Vital MUM. 

 They are also called Dirnocrites, because they were accused of dividing 

 the nature of Christ into two part*. Before the death of Apollinnrii, 

 which happened between 3S2 and 392, tho Apullinarists fonn> ,1 in 

 Syria and the adjacent countries several separate congregations having 

 their own bishop. By imperial command the public worship of the 

 Apollinarixts was impeded iu 38S and 37, and in 423 iu all towns 

 entirely pi-ohiliite,!. 



APULI.INA'UIS Mlin'Nirs CAIUS SOLL1US, ST. (some 

 manuscript < add the name of Modestus, which they place before A ;>.! 

 linarin). He was born at Lyon on the 5th of November, 430, but his 

 family seems to have been originally of Auvergne, and was one of tho 

 most distinguished in Gaul. His gramlfather, Apollinaru, was the 

 fint of tho family who embraced cini-tianity, and he was prefect of 

 the Gauls in the r>ign of the tyrant Constantino. His father wa-> 

 tribune and secretary of state under the emperor llonorins, and 

 prxf'Ct of the Gauls under Valeutinian III. Apollinaris received an 

 education suitable to his birth. He was taught philo -ophy >>y 

 bius (' Epist,,' iv. 1), from whom perhaps he also learned arithmetic, 



