APPKRLKT. CHARMS JAMBS. 



APRAXIN, STEPAN THEDORo 



I - 



etudied at ROOM, where he entered the order of the Soolopj, and WM 

 after m time teat to fill the chair of rhetoric at Raguaa, a town which 

 then maintained a eloeo connection with Italy. He became a great 

 proficient in the Slaronian language, and published a grammar of the 

 lllvnc language, that is to my, of the Dalmatian dialect of the 

 Slavonian. But hi* principal work concents the history of hi* 

 adopted country, Kaguaa, and it giro* a very interesting account of 

 that now almost forgotten little state, which governed itaelf for 

 centuries a a republic, and cultivated the art* and retained the man- 

 Ben of civilised Europe on a narrow nook of hud on a barbarou* 

 eoaet, surrounded and yet respected by the Ottoman power. (' Notizie 

 irtorico-criUche sulle AutichiUi, Storia, e Letteratura del ICaguM-i,' 

 3 Tola,, 4to. 1802-3.) 



When Napoleon I. took military pogeenion of Ragusa, and ub- 

 Tcrted that ancient republic, Appendini KM retained a* rector of the 

 college of Kagtua. After the Austrian* had superseded the French in 

 IMi, Appendini wai commiationed by the imperial government to 

 catabliah a achool for teacher* at Zara, with the view of providing 

 master* for the various schools of Dalmatia. Consequently he 

 removed from Ragusa to Zara, where he died in . 



(Tipaldo, H,oyro<a tlfjU Italian* Jlluttri del Secoto XVIII. e dei 

 Ctmltmporaufi.) 



A I PEKLEY, CHARLES JAMES, a writer on sporting subject* of 

 considerable reputation, better known by the pseudo-name of A'imrod, 

 was the second son of Thomas Apperley, a Welsh country gentleman, 

 and wa* born at his father'* seat of Plosgronow, in Denbighshire, in 

 the year 1777. At Itugby school he acquired some knowledge of the 

 elasical language*, and much more of the sport* of the field. In 

 1801 he married the daughter of William Wynne. Esq., and in 1804 

 be took up hi* residence at Hilton Hall, once the country-seat of 

 Addison, in Warwickshire. Here he devoted himself so entirely to 

 the chase that for some yean hi* only pursuit was that of a fox-huuter. 

 He often rode thirty or forty mile* to distant cover*, and he contrived 

 to defray the expenses of the sport by disposing of hunters, after ha 

 had ridden them for some time, to those of his friends whose know- 

 ledge of the horse wa* not so intimate as his, and who therefore could 

 not trust their own judgment in the purchase of au untried animal. 

 In 1821 he removed into Hampshire, and commenced farming on a 

 large scale ; and in the same year ho began to write for tho press. 

 His contributions to the ' Sporting Magazine,' especially his Hunting 

 Tours, attracted so much attention that the circulation of the work 

 was doubled in two year* ; and Mr. 1'ittinan, the proprietor of the 

 magazine, not only remunerated him handsomely, but also paid the 

 expense* of hi* tourc, and kept for him a stud of hunter*. On 

 Mr. Pittman'* death differences followed, which led to a suit by his 

 representative* for money advanced, the result of which was that, to 

 avoid a prison at home, Kimrod was compelled to take up his 

 residence in France. In 1830 Mr. Apperley established hiuiselt' at a 

 chateau called St-Pierre, near Calais, where he chiefly resided for the 

 remainder of his life, supporting himself by hi* pen. He died in 

 London on the 10th of May, 1843. 



Nimrod'a superiority confuted in hi* perfect knowledge of hi* 

 subject, and in a certain air of good humour, which won upon the 

 trader. Hi* work* are made up almost entirely of anecdote, and par- 

 take of a goaaipping character. His knowledge of fox-hunting could 

 Dt be disputed, for previous to his leaving England bo had hunted 

 with no less tuan eighty-two different packs, in every quarter of Ortat 

 Britain. 



Almost all Mr. Apperley'* works were written for periodicals, but 

 many afterward* appeared in a collected shape. 'The Chase, the 

 Turf, and the Kuail,' may be clawed as Nimrod'* best production-. 

 They were written for the ' Quarterly Review,' in 1827, and their 

 apprarance in so grave a periodical excited no small sensation. The 

 liveliness with which they were written however carried them through 

 triumphantly, and the mult was a considerable addition to the num- 

 ber of Nimrod'* admirers, a* a consequence of his introduction to a 

 new and wider circle of readrrs. 



AITlA M. AM Hil.'A, a fresco painter, wa* born at Milan in 1754. 

 AfUrr visiting and studying in the principal cities of Italy, he chose 

 Correggio for hi* model. From 1795 until 1813 be worked at Milan ; 

 bat in the UtUr year be wa* compelled to desist from his labours by 

 a stroke of apoplexy, a second attack of which, in 1817 or 1818, 

 oaiued hi* death. 



Appisni wa* Napoleon'* principal painter in Italy, for which office 

 be received an annual pension of COOO franca. He wan a knight of tho 

 Iron Crown, and a member of the Legion of Honour. He however 

 died in poverty, having lost bis pension in consequence of the 

 Bestontion in 1814. 



Hi* principal frescoes are in the church of Ranta Maria Vergine, 

 and in the royal palace of Milan ; the latter have been engraved by 

 Hiaapliie. Ho was also an excellent painter in oils; there is n 

 roruait of Napoleon L by him, which has been engraved by 



AITIA'M, FKANCESCO, another distinguished fresco painter of 

 the 18th century, was born at A noons in 1702. He was employed by 

 Benedict XIII. at Home; but he lived chiefly at Perugia, where be 

 ouaUnued to |int until his 90th year and hi* death, iu 1702. 



AITIA'N", .' foundrr of an Italian family of the 



middle ages, which rose to tho rank of sovereign prince*. Jacopo 

 d'Appiano was. in tho Utter part of tho 14th century, the confidential 

 secretary and friend of Pietro Gainbacorto, the then chief magistrate 

 of Pisa, who appointed him chancellor of that republic. He con- 

 spired however against his benefactor, and had him killed, t. 

 with his sous, A.D. 1392. U'Appiano then assumed tlie title of l.-r.l 

 of I'iaa, being supported in his usurpation by Oian Oaleauo Visconti, 

 duke of Milan, who needed the assistance of Pisa against the 

 Florentines. Jacopo d'Appiano died in 139S, and was succeeded by 

 his sou Qherardo, who sold Pisa to the Duke Visconti for 200,00*0 

 florins, reserving for himself the sovereignty of Piombino on the sea- 

 coaat and of the island of Elba opposite. He assumed the title of 

 Prince of Piombino, which his descendants retained for two centuries 

 after. When Cosmo 1. became grand-duke of Tuscany, ho coveted 

 the possession of Piombiuo ; but Jacopo V. d'Appiano, then prince of 

 that state, placed himself under the protection of Charles V. as a 

 feudatory of the empire. It afterwards came into subjection to the 

 Spaniards, on the extinction of the family of Appiauo. (Tronci, 

 Jfcmorie /itorichc di Pita ; BotU, Storia d' Italia.) 



APPIA'NUS, a native of Alexandria in Egypt, the author of an 

 extensive history of the Roman empire in the Greek language. The 

 time in which he lived may be fixed from several passages in his 

 writings as extending from the time of Trajan (a* he speaks of the 

 vengeance of Trajan on the Jews, A.D. 116, 117, a* occurring in hi* 

 lifetime) to that of Antoninus Pius (A.D. 138-151). Appian practised 

 as an advocate at Home under more than one emperor ; and he to far 

 won the favour of the court that he was sent to bis native country in 

 the important office of procurator, or imperial treasurer. His h 

 instead of embracing the Roman empire as a whole, treats of the 

 several provinces separately, taking them up in succession as they 

 become connected with Human history, and then giving a continuous 

 account of their relations with Rome. But to make his work a com- 

 plete whole, ho found it necessary to give a preliminary view of Rome 

 under the kings, and to devote a book to the wars of Hannibal, which, 

 running over so many countries, would otherwise have been ludi- 

 crously mutilated. The same motive led him to assign five books to 

 the civil wars of Rome. This history is composed of twmt 

 books, of which the sixth, seventh, eighth, the latter part of tho 

 ninth, the eleventh, twelfth, and those written on the civil wars, still 

 exist, besides some fragments of the others. The work entitled 

 ' Parthica,' which is usually published with his works as part of the 

 eleventh book on Syria, consists merely of extracts from 1'lutarch'a 

 ' Lives of Crassus and Antony,' to which some impostor of the middle 

 ages has prefixed a short prefatory introduction stolen from Appian's 

 ' .Syrian History.' Appian's long professional residence at Home, as 

 well as his Roman name, affords evidence that he had one advantage 

 over Plutarch as an historian, in possessing a perfect knowledge of the 

 Latin language ; but his merits in other respects are not great. His 

 views of history are iu general very superficial ; and as a geographer, 

 his ignorance is startling, when compared with the means of informa- 

 tion which his age and circumstances ofl'en <1. 



The best edition of Appian is that of Schweigbrcuser, Leipzig, 1785, 

 3 vols , 8vo. This edition contains a Latin translation, taken elm tiy 

 from that of Gelenius, and a large body of notes. An English trans- 

 lation of Appian's 'Ancient History,' &c., was printed by Haufo 

 Newbery and Henrie Bynniman, in 1679, 4 to; and a translation by 

 J. D. was published in folio, 1698. 



APRAXIN, STEPAN THEDOROVICH, the son of a stolnik or 

 seneschal, was born on the 30th of July (o.s.) 1702. In the seventeenth 

 year of his age he entered the army. Ho served in the campaign of 

 1737 against the Turks, under field-marshal Count ilunuicli, .. 

 present at the taking of Oczakow by storm. After the conclusion of 

 the war, he was appointed commander of the forces in the governm. nt 

 of Astrakhan ; in 1741, he welcomed, in that capacity, tho ambassador* 

 of Nadir Shah of Persia, and in the following year he visited the court 

 of Nadir, as the ambassador of Russia, In 1748 he took au 

 shore, with the chancellor Uestuzhev, iu occasioning the fall of Lcstocq, 

 the favourite of the Empress Elizabeth, and was president oi' tl.u 

 committee of inquiry into his alleged crime*. He advanced rapidly 

 through the various stages of military rank to that of lield-maislml in 

 1756; and iu 1757 be was entrusted with the chief command of the 

 Russian army intended to act against Frederick the Great. .' 

 time he is described in the despatches of Mr. Williams, afterwards Sir 

 Charles Honbury Williams, the English ambassador at St. Petersburg, 

 as "lazy, luxunou*, and certainly not bravr." Williams soon 

 opened a correspondence with the Grand Duchess Catharine, i; 

 of Peter, the heir to the reigning Empress Elizabeth, to bribe the 

 field-manual. Whatever means were employed to induce him to 

 delay bis match, were ineffectual, for Apraxiu entered Prussia iu May, 

 1767, at the head of a Russian army eaid to consist of 97,000 meii. 

 On the 5th of August be took Mciuel ; on the 28th he passed the 

 Pregel, drove back the Prussian field-marshal Lehwald, who was at 

 the head of an army of 30,000 men, and encamped at Grossjiigcrii- 

 dorf. Here the atrocities which from want of discipline bis army 

 committed again.-t the peasantry drove Lehwuld to ha/ ml n battle. 

 On the 30th of August, early in the morning, tho Prussians in a 

 body 20,000 strong attacked the Russian army which was three 

 times that number, according to Prussian authorities ; the Russian* 



