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ARAOO, FRANCOIS JEAN DOMINIQUE. 



!>. iluodo,' which is a translation from Aristotle, and hu 

 Florida,' bav* survived. He took great pleasure in declaiming, and 

 was heard with universal applause. The people of Carthage were so 

 delighted with bis etoqoeooe that they perpetuated th* remembrano. 

 of it by erecting his etatue. The edition* of hit works are very nume- 

 rous; that in most general use is th* Delphln, in two volumes, quarto. 

 Th. 'Golden A*' has been frequently translated into Italian, Spaniah, 

 German. Flemisfe. and EngUsh. W. Adlmgtoo's English translation, 

 first printed in 1586, was reprinted fa 1571. IMS, 1S1KJ. 1639, and 

 probably Uter also. Th* translation by Thomas Taylor, London, 

 1822, on* volume Svo, contain* also the treatise on th* 'Ood of 

 Booratos,' and other treatise*, with a life of Apulriu* prefixed. The 

 UtrM tnnalatioo i. by Sir George Head. 



AQUIBA, or JMcA-AcWowpA, called Barakib* by Epiphaniu* and 

 Hieronymua. lived at the eod of the 1st and at the beginning of the 

 Sod century, and wa* president of the academy of Lydda and Tibae, 

 a* diso.pl. and uoceesor of rabbi Gamaliel, and one of the most 

 fcenmn doctors of th* Miahnah. He joined the peeudo-Measiaa, Bar 

 Cocbeba (Coubs\ who raited disturbances in Jud. The Emperor 

 Hadrian, in whose time the insurrection took place, after taking 

 BrtWa, put many Jew* to death, and ordered Akibah to be killed by 

 Iran combs, with which his skin was token off. Akibah wss buried in 

 Tibrria*. where hi* tomb was annually visited by his admirers between 

 Raster and I VuUcost. The book Jexirah, which some ascrihc to Akibah, 

 i*th**hi*f book of cabalietie doctrine*. The last two edition* of this 

 famous work are by Rittangel, with a Latin translation and commen- 

 tary, Amsterdam, 1642-44 ; and by Friderlch von Meyer at Frankfurt 

 oo-Uie-Maioe, with a German translation, 1832, 4 to. 



1LA was, accoplmg to Epiphanius ('De Ponderibos et Men- 

 Msi*,' cap. 15), a relative of the emperor Hadrian, and converted from 

 idolatry to Christianity, but afterwards excommunicated on account 

 of hi* idolatrous astrology. He embraced Judaism, was circumcised, 

 and translated th* Uld Testament literally into Greek (Iren. iii. 24 ; 

 Knaeb., ' Demon st Kvang.,' vii. 1 ; Hieronymua, ' Ep. ad Pammach '); 

 and consequently the Jews preferred his translation to the Septungint. 

 It appears aleo from Irananu, iii. 24, that the Ebionitea used the 

 translation of Aquila in order to support their Judaising tenets. The 

 remains of thi* translation have been edited by Mont&ncon, Martianay, 

 and others, in the Hexapla ' of Origen. 



A'yl'lLA, JULIUS, a Roman jurist, whose period is uncertain. Ho 

 is one of the jurist* who were used for the compilation of the ' Digest;' 

 bat the ' Digest' contains only two excerpts from him, both of which 

 to his -I) ' 



Book of Answers'' Liber Responsorum ' (' Vis..' 26, 

 tit -,"*. 34 ; tit. 10, a. 12). He is called Dallas Aquila in the ' Floren- 

 tine Index.' 



AQUINAS, THOMAS, that is, Thomas of Aquino, in Naples. This 

 famous theologian was of distinguished birth, boinir a younger son of 

 Landulf, count of Aquino, and lord of Loretto and Belcastro, who was 

 nephew of the Emperor Frederic I., the celebrated IJarbarossa. He 

 wu born in 1227, some authorities state in thi town of Aquino, others 

 in tho (Mils of Rooca Secea, the seat of his family, near the monastery 

 of Monte Casino. Having been sent at fire years of age to the neigh- 

 bouring inoiiMlay to reoeire the rudiments of his education, he 

 mrifint* 1 there till he was nearly thirteen, when he proceeded to the 

 university of Naples, which had bton founded in 1230 by his relation, 

 th* Emperor Frederic IL, grandson of Barbarossa, and had already 

 acquired great reputation. From his earliest years he had shown a 

 love of study, and the circumstances of the times were in various 

 respect* such at naturally tended to encourage the preference which 

 he wss thus led to form for a literary, or at least a meditative, life. 

 About 1217 the order of preaching friars, called after his name, had 

 been founded by St. Dominic ; and of this body, already in the enjoy- 

 ment of vast popularity, the young nobleman proposed to become a 

 member. On his earnest entreaties the superior of their convent at 

 Naples was prevailed upon to admit him as a novice. He was at this 

 time in his fifteenth year, and the important step upon which he had 

 esrtuied was taken without the knowledge of his parents, who made 

 extraordinary efforts to induce him to relinquish his object, but with- 

 out toccea*. In 1243 he mads profession, and went to Cologne to 

 attend the theological and philosophical lectures delivered by Albertus 

 Magnus in the Dominican convent there. Here, from bis silence, he 

 is said to have been named by his fellow-students the Dumb Ox. Hi* 

 teacher however detected the genius that was wrapped up under this 

 (eternity, and remarked that if that ox should once begin to bellow 

 the world would he filled with the noise. After remaining a few yean 

 at Cologne be accompanied Albert on a vitit to Paris, from which they 

 returned together In 1248. Aquioss wss then ordained a priest. He 

 returned to Paris in ISM. Soon after this be published th* first work 

 by which he di-tingnished himself a* a writer, a treatise in defence of 

 the osMetil lit*, in answer to a doctor of the Sorbonne, who had 

 atta*kd th* privilege* of the new mendicant orders. In 1255 Aquinss 

 received from th* university of Part* hi* degree of doctor in theology, 

 and be afterward* sprat several years in tliat city, lecturing publicly 

 with immense applause. In 1272 however be returned to Italy, and 

 for two yean Uught theology at Naplt a. Pop* Gregory X. having 

 then requested his uresmus at the general council which had been 

 HiMimiil to meet at Lyon, with th* object of affecting a uuiou 

 beta-lea the eastern and western churches, he prepared to set out for 



that city ; but first paid a visit to hit nlese, Frances of Aquino, the 

 wife of the Count Anmbal d* Ceooano. Having arrived at their resi- 

 dence, the cattle of Mageosa, he was there suddenly attacked by fever, 

 on which he desired to be removed to the neighbouring Cistercian 

 iniHiadeij of Fossi-Novi, in the diocese of Terraciuo ; and here he 

 expired on the 7th of March, 1274, in th* forty-eighth year of his age. 



The honours paid to Thomas Aquiuas, both during his life and after 

 his death, comprise nearly all the highest distinctions by which men 

 have ever testified their admiration of intellectual greatness. Popes, 

 kings, emperors, learned bodies, and great cities, contended for hia 

 presence during his life ; and a* soon ai he had ceased to live, the 

 order to which he belonged, the monks of the abbey in which he died, 

 and the university of Paris, of which he had been an alumnus and a 

 graduate, disputed the right to the possession of hi* body. It was nut 

 till nearly a century afterwards that this latter controversy was termi- 

 nated by the removal of his remains, on the 2Sth of January, 1369, to 

 the Dominican convent of Toulouse, where a magnificent tomb erected 

 over them still remains. Before this he bad been canonised by Pope 

 John XXII. by a bull dated the 18th of July, 1323. Pope Pius V. 

 also declared him a doctor of the church in lit>7. 



The piety and moral virtue* of St. Thomas Aquinas have received 

 tho warmest commendations from his contemporaries. His religious 

 sincerity and fervour appear to have been accompanied by unaffected 

 humility, mid also by a mildness of tamper that hai not always been 

 the grace of eminent theologians. Tho popularity of hU writings wai 

 formerly so gr. at, that there have been at least fire or six editions of 

 the complete collection. The best edition is considered to be that 

 printed at Rome in 1570 in seventeen volumes, folio. Various of his 

 treatises have also been repeatedly printed separately. Of the whole 

 the most famous is his ' Summit Theologies,' which is still a favourite 

 authority in the Catholic Church. A good many of the works that 

 have been attributed to Aquinas are now admitted to be spurious, and 

 doubts have even been entertained as to whether the ' Sumtna Theo- 

 login ' be really hia. Of the theological opinions which he maintained, 

 the most memorable is his assertion of the supreme and irresistible 

 efficacy of divine grace. This doctrine was afterwards opposed by 

 Duns Scotus; and it formed for ages a matter of violent controversy 

 between the ThomUte and the Scotista, as the follower/) of the two 

 doctors called themselves. II is talents too appear to have been as various 

 as they were powerful. He wrote in verse as well as in prose, and some 

 of the Latin hymns still used in the service of the Koniuh Church are 

 of his composition. He seems also to have been celebrated for his ready 

 and pointed repartees. One which hat been preserved U his reply to 

 Pope Innocent IV. when that pontiff, ou some money being brought 

 in one day wheu they were together, remarked, " You see that the age 

 of the Church is past when she could say, ' Silver or gold have I none,' " 

 " Tea, holy father," answered Aquinas, "and the day is also past wheu 

 she could say to the paralytic, ' Take up thy bed and walk.' " There 

 ore other stories of the absence of mind which he sometimes showed 

 in company when absorbed in some of his profound speculations. 

 One day, while dining with Louis IX., king of France (St. Louis), he 

 suddenly, after a long silence, struck the table with violence, and called 

 out, " A decisive argument 1 the Mauich&aus could never answer it ! " 

 Reminded of where he wss by the prior of the Dominicans, who was 

 also present, he asked pardon of the king; wheu his majesty expressed 

 himself only anxious to get hold of the unanswerable argument against 

 the Msnichcans, and, calling in a secretary, had it taken down imme- 

 diately. Rabelais alludes to another anecdote of this kind. The titles 

 of Aquinas, in the list of the scholastic doctors, arc the Angelic 

 Doctor, and the Angel of the Schools. 



ARAGO, FRANCOIS JEAN MiMINK.'UE, was born in the 

 commune of Estagrl, near Perpignan, province of Ruussillon (now 

 the department of tho Eastern Pyrenees), ou the 26th of February, 

 1786. Hi* father, a licentiate in law, supported a numerous family 

 on the income derived from a small landed property. Francois, the 

 son, acquired the rudiments of reading, writing, and vocal music at 

 tho primary school of his native place, and in private lessons at home. 

 Ho became an eager reader, and at an early age conceived a taste for 

 a military life, which was nourished by the continual passing of troops 

 ou the march to or from the frontiers of Spain. When but seven 

 years old be attacked with a lance the leader of a few Spanish troopers 

 who had ridden by mistake into the village after a battle, and was only 

 saved from a pabre-stroke by the arrival of the neighbours armed with 

 hay-forks. His father haviug been appointed Treasurer of tho Mint in 

 Perpignan, tho family removed to that town, where the boy entered 

 as out-door pupil at the municipal college, and pursuing his literary 

 studies, msde himself acquainted with the classic authors of his native 

 country. But walking one day on the ramparts, a little iu< 

 occurred that confirmed his military inclinations. Seeing a youthful 

 officer directing the repair* of the walls, and surprised at one so young 

 wearing an epaulette, he inquired by what means it had been won, and 

 was answered lly study at tho Polytechnic School, which was open 

 to those who had paased a preliminary examination. From that time 

 Arago, then in hi* twelfth year, betook himself to the study of mathe- 

 matics and geometry, not in elementary manuals, but in the original 

 works of the best authors, and mastered their contents with charac- 

 teristic energy. He soon outstripped the abbe who taught mathematics 

 in the school; oud assisted by the kind advice of a neigh bouriug 



