ARBLAY. MADAME D'. 



ARBUTHXOT. JOHN. 



ceased to rcifo. an wliirh, the resolution was Uken to sail for Until. 

 The public indignation was so itrung against Aianjo, tht he wu 

 obliged to embark under COTW of night on board of the squadron, 

 which a favourable change of wind enabled to leave the Tagun on the 

 Sftb, jost in time to escape the advanced guard of the French, which 

 entered LUbou at nine o'clock on the following morning. 



Araujo took witli him to Bruit hi* mineralogical collection, which 

 bad been arranged by Werner, and a printing apparatus, which he 

 bad rreentiy imported from Ixuxlou. At the time of bin arrival there 

 waa no other printing apparatus in Rio Janeiro, lie bad now ample 

 time to occupy himealf in the quiet pursuit* of aeieoos, a* the prince 

 regent was compelled to diamia* him from hi* offices, though he was 

 till retained a* a member of tha council of atate. Hi* favourite 

 tody was chemistry, which he punued with *uch luccea* a* to be able 

 to saUhliir. a new manufactory of porcelain, and found a school of 

 ebemiXry and pharmacy, which had been much needed in Brazil. He 

 introduced the cultivation of tea into the royal botanic garden of 

 Alagoa d Fmta*, and cultivated in hi* own between 1200 and 1400 

 plant*. He introduced a machine for sawing wood, and imported 

 from England a Scotch alembic, which, with nia improvements, was 

 in general UM in the sugar-works of Brazil The whole of this time 

 howkver he felt deeply that he waa under disgrace, and, in the year 

 1810, be addressed to tha prince regent a paper iu which he defended 

 himself against the count de Linhare* and other calumniator*. In 

 reply be received from the regent a letter of approbation, concluding 

 with his promotion to the grand cross of the order of Christ. Four 

 years after, in 1814, he was named to the vacant ministry of Marina 

 and the colonies, and in 1815, created Count da Barca, On the death 

 of the Marquis de Aguiar, in January, 1817, he wu entrusted with 

 all the three secretaryship* of state, or, in other word*, became sole 

 minister. He died at Itio Janeiro on the 21st of June, 1817, and was 

 buried at the church of St. Francisco de Paula in that city. 



Aa a minuter in Brazil, Araujo repaired in some small degree the 

 errors he had committed in Portugal, and he became popular from 

 the affability of his manners; but it is evident from the whole course 

 of hi* history, that he was eminently unqualified to direct the affaire 

 of a nation in times of difficulty. Even aa a diplomatist, the reputa- 

 tion which he acquired for procuring from the revolutionary govern- 

 ment of France, a treaty favourable for Portugal, was lost by his 

 imprudence iu allowing the means of success to become known, and 

 so destroying it. 



Araujo had a taste for poetry, and aspired to the honour* of a poet. 

 During hi* residence at the Hague, he had commenced two tragedies, 

 which be completed at Brazil. He translated Dryden's ' Ode on .St. 

 Cecilia's Day,' into Portuguese, as well as several poems of Gray, 

 including hit ' Elegy.' 



(Abridged from the Biographical Dictionary of the Society far the 

 Kftu> of iKful KnovUdgc.) 



ARBLAY, MADAME D'. IBORHET.] 



ARBOOAST, LOUIS FRANCOIS ANTOIXE, was born at Mutzig 

 in Alsace, in 1769. He waa successively professor of mathematics at 

 the school of artillery at Straaburg, and rector of the university of the 

 aame town. He afterwards represented the department of the Lower 

 Rhine in the National Convention, when however he took no pro- 

 minent part in politic*, and his name only appears to some reports on 

 scientific subjects. After the dissolution of tbe convention, he became 

 professor of mathematics in the central school of hi* department at 

 Strasburg, where be died April 8, 1803. 



Arbugast's first work was presented to the Academy of Sciences, 

 under the title of 'Basal sur de Nouveaux Principe* de Calcul Uiffo- 

 reutiel at Integral, independanta de la Thoorie dee infiniinent Petite, et 

 de wile de Ijinite*.' This eaaay is not printed, but from hi* own 

 account of it in the preface to the ' Calcul des Derivations,' it appear* 

 that he had, partially at least, anticipated the leading points of the 

 ' Ttieorie des Fonctiona' of Legrange. 



In 1790(Lacroix.'Calc. Diff,' 1792; ' Biog. Univ.') he gained the 

 prize proposed by the Academy of St. Petersburg for an esaay on the 

 nature of the arbitrary functions contained in the integrals of partial 

 dinVrtnUal equations. In this pap.-r he take*, and in the opinion of 

 LMTOil finally establishes, the view maintained by Legrange and 

 Boler against D'Alembert, in favour of the discontinuity (Laeroix, 

 Calc.Diff.,'voLU.,p.e8). 



Bat his great work i* the 'Calcul des Derivations,' published at 

 rkraaborg in 1800. It* main object i* the law of derivation of the 

 successive co-efficient* of a development from one another, when the 

 expression i* more complicated than a function of a binomial. There- 

 for* Taylor's theorem and common differentiation are particular o*ic 

 of Arbngast'n method. Jt i* an embarrassing work to read, on account 

 of the number of new notations, and the complexity of the algebraical 

 part ; but it contain* much that i* elegant, and which may eventually 

 become uarful. 



The ' Calcul dea Derivations ' contains the first tue of the reparation 

 of rymbol* of operation and of quantity, which ha* *ince thrown so 

 inn- h light on the connection of various parts of an.ily.-m. 



ARlMri-.l.i, MI.U. nil No, better known a* Count di Gattinara, 

 exercised an important influence upon public affairs in Germany at the 

 epoch of the Protestant Information. lie wa* born at Vercelli in 

 Piedmont in 1406. He wa* a son, and became by inheritance tbe 



head, of the noble family of Arborio. Mercurino studied law profes- 

 sionally ; but fn-in an early age he was immersed in the business of 

 the state ; and his reputation as a jurisconsult was soon eclipsed by 

 that which he gained as a statesman and diplomatist His firat public 

 employment was in the council of the Duke of Savoy ; and while thus 

 engaged he became known, both in his official character and through 

 professional services, to Margaret of Austria, Duke Philibert'* wife. 

 That princess, after her husband's death, on receiving from her father, 

 tbe emperor Maximilian, possession of her mother'* heritage, the 

 duchy of Burgundy, appointed Arborio, in 1507, to be president of 

 tbe parliament of tbe duchy. In the course of tbe next year he was 

 employed by the emperor s* a negociator with foreign powers. Thence- 

 forth he continued to be closely connected with the imperial court ; 

 and the connection became more intimate after the year 1518, when, 

 partly in consequence of discontent* among the Burguudian nobles, 

 ending in an insurrection, he was removed from hu place iu tbe 

 administration of that province. When Charles V., in 1520, came to 

 Aix-la-Cbapelle to be crowned, he appointed the Count di Qattinara 

 to be hi* chancellor and a member of hi* privy council ; and he also 

 commissioned him to compose and deliver the formal address of thanks 

 to the elector*. The chancellor soon acquired Charles's unlimited con- 

 fidence, which he enjoyed without interruption during the whole 

 remainder of his life. He was consulted and employed in all tbe most 

 difficult and important emergencies of the emperor * active reign. In 

 1529 he was the principal agent of Charles in negotiating the treaty 

 of Cam bray, and iu effecting arrangements with the pope and the 

 other powers of Italy. Indeed it is said that there was only one im- 

 portant transaction of his time iu which he had no share ; and tbe 

 nature of this solitary exception waa such as to show strikingly the 

 independence and firmness of his character. He declined taking part 

 in uegociating the treaty of Madrid, euliling the terms of the libera- 

 tiuu of Francis I. Uniccinrdiui .inserts further that he peremptorily 

 refuged to affix his official signature to it, alleging that his office did 

 not authorise him to do act* injurious or dishonourable to hi* master. 



Oattinara was always the advocate of lenient and conciliatory mea- 

 sures towards the Protestant Reformers. The rigorous proceedings 

 against Luther at the diet of Worms took place before he had time to 

 acquire much of Charles's confidence, and in the subsequent progress 

 of the struggle we see him again and again referring to the conse- 

 quences of the edict of Worms, as proving how little good could be 

 done by severity. In direct communications with the papal see like- 

 wise, he insisted on the necessity of summoning a free council of the 

 church, and of using other means for a reform in ecclesiastical con- 

 stitution and discipline. He ought probably to be ranked among those 

 numerous spectators of the contest, who saw that the time had arrived 

 for sweeping changes, but who conceived that nothing was required 

 beyond a compromise, leaving the foundations of the church uu re- 

 moved. As might be expected of such a man, he was a friend and 

 correspondent of Krasmus. The German leaders of the Reformation 

 however were extremely reluctant to regard the eloquent and powerful 

 chancellor as thus indifferent to the great principles which they held. 

 Luther, in one of his letters, goes so far as to say, that perhaps God, 

 to help them, had rawed up this man to be like Naamau the Syrian, 

 who believed in the Lord of Host*, although he went in with his master 

 to bow himself in the house of Himmon. 



Whatever may have been the chancellor's tendencies, he never guve 

 way to them so far as either to diminiah his favour with his master, 

 or to place himself in hostility to the court of Rome. The emperor 

 continued to heap honours and rewards on him to the last, conferring 

 on him several lordships in addition to hi* hereditary possession*. 

 Shortly before his death Pope Clement VIL sought to attach him to 

 his interests by the strongest ties which were at his command. Gat- 

 tiuara was no ecclesiastic, and had married in early youth. His wife 

 however must have been dead in 152V, for he then accepted a cardi- 

 nal's hat What effect the scarlet might have had upon his mind, 

 there wa* not time to determine. He had beeu in bad health for 

 some time, being afflicted severely with gout, and being carried in a 

 litter to his reception in the college of cardinals. He exerted himself 

 to the utmost in his public duties notwithstanding his bodily suffer- 

 ings, and set out to accompany the emperor to the diet of Augsburg. 

 The fatigues of the journey brought hi* disease to a crisis ; and he 

 died at Innsbruck in June 1530, aged sixty-five year*. 



The reputation of Gattioara as an orator must bo received upon the 

 report of his contemporaries. We possess hardly any of his writings. 

 His address of thank* to the elector* of the Holy Roman Empire for 

 the election of Charles has been preserved in what seems to be a 

 K nuiue form. It will be found in tlio memoirs of him by Haue and 

 Gerdes, being taken from Sabinus'* account of the emperor's coro- 

 nation, in Sohard's ' Rerum Qeruwnicarum Scriptores' (ii. 14). In 

 tbe memoirs there are likewise two letters of Gattinara to Erasmus. 

 Adelung gives tbe titles of two treatises of his still existing in 

 manuscript. 



(Abridged from tbe Hiographical Dictionary of the Society for Oie 

 Iltfutinn of i'teful Knowledijt.) 



ARBUTHNOT, JOHN. It is rarely that a man attains eminence 

 in a professional pursuit, and yet reaches a greater distinction among 

 his contemporaries as an elegant writer and a wit Arbuthnot was 

 one of these exceptions to an ordinary rule. He waa the son of a 



