293 



ARCHELAUS 



ARCHILOCHUS. 



291 



will declared him heir to the throne. Immediately after the death of 

 Herod, A.D. 3, he exercised the regal power, but did not assume the 

 title till his nomination should be confirmed by the Roman emperor, 

 in the meantime conciliating the Jewish people by fair promises, 

 which his cruel and tyrannical proceedings soon belied. On the feast 

 of the Passover a number of factious Jews stationed themselves in the 

 temple, and instigated the populace to demand that Archelaus should 

 avenge the death of two favourite teachers who were executed during 

 Herod's reign for having destroyed a golden eagle. Archelaus sent a 

 party of his guards to seize the ringleaders, but the rabble killed 

 most of the soldiers. Upon this he employed the whole force of his 

 arms against the rioters, and 3000 of them were massacred. The rest 

 escaped to the neighbouring mountains. 



Archelaus presented himself in person before Augustus at Rome, 

 and solicited the ratification of his power on the grounds of being the 

 successor appointed by his father, and of his attachment to the 

 Roman customs and government. His claim was disputed by many 

 members of his family, and the Jewish nation presented petitions, 

 deprecating his appointment, and requesting au alteration in the form 

 of government. The emperor declined to accede to the demands of 

 the Jews, but he placed only the districts of Judaea Proper, Idumaea, 

 and Samaria, forming about half of the dominions of Herod, under 

 the government of Archelaus. The rest, with some small exceptions, 

 wag divided between Herod Antipas and Philip. These three princes 

 were not called kings but ethnarchs, and their territories were not 

 called kingdoms but ethnarchies. Irritated by the conduct of Arche- 

 laus, and weary of the oppressive tyranny of his administration, in 

 the tenth year of the reign of Archelaus the Jews again appealed to 

 Augustus, and the emperor dispossessed Archelaus of his authority, 

 banished him to Vienna in Gaul, and confiscated his property. It is 

 supposed that he ended his days iu the place of his exile, leaving no 

 posterity. 



To understand the history of Archelaus in connection with pre- 

 ceding and subsequent events, the reader must refer to Josephua, 

 ' On the Jewish War,' from book i. chapter 28, to book ii. chapter 8 ; 

 and the ' Antiquit.' book xvi. 



ARCHELA'L'S, bishop of Carrhte in Mesopotamia, is remarkable 

 only for his dispute with the heretic, Manes, about A.D. 278. He 

 published the controversy in two books, entitled ' Acta Disputatiouis,' 

 tc., in Syriac, which were translated into Greek by Hegemonius. A 

 fragment of this work is extant, edited by Valesius, in the notes to 

 his Socrates (pp. 197, 203, lib. i. c. 22) ; and again in a more complete 

 form by Zaccagnius, in his ' Collectanea Mouumeutorum veterum 

 Ecclesias Graecae,' Rom. 1698. (Fabricius, BM. Or.) 



ARCHENHOLZ, JOHANN WILHELM VON, was born at Danzig 

 in 1745. He entered the Prussian army, in which he served during 

 the whole of the seven years' war, and was made a captain. He after- 

 wards retired from the service, and travelled over a considerable part 

 of Europe, and at last settled at Hamburg, where he published several 

 works, which became very popular iu Germany. The first work that 

 established his literary reputation was his ' England und Italien,' pub- 

 lished in 1785, in which he gave, not the journal of a tour, but a 

 methodical description of the two countries, especially with regard to 

 their social and moral features, and their political institutions. Archen- 

 holz had visited England repeatedly and stayed there nearly six years 

 between 1769 to 1779. He had been likewise several times in Italy, 

 and had resided there about three years. The work went through 

 several editions, and was translated into French. In the preface to 

 the second German edition, 1787, Archenholz replied to the charges 

 of injustice and asperity towards Italy with which he had been 

 reproached. Archenholz' a admiration of England, on the other side, 

 displeased many persons on the continent, although he points out 

 many faults in the English institutions at that period, and exposes 

 with no sparing hand the vices and follies of London. His ' History 

 of the Seven Years' War' was published at Hamburg in 1788. 

 Archt-uholz also wrote a history of Gustavus Vasa, preceded by a 

 nummary of the history of Sweden from the oldest records to the 

 end of the 16th century. It was published at Hamburg in 1801. 

 About the time of the French revolution he became editor of the 

 ' Minerva,' a German literary journal, published at Hamburg, which 

 enjoyed considerable reputation for many years. During this period 

 he wrote other works, chiefly historical. He possessed a lively and 

 entertaining style, and his works were very popular in Germany ; and 

 several of them were translated into English and French. Archenholz 

 died in 1812. 



A'RCHIAS, A. LICI'NIUS, a Greek poet of Antioch in Syria. 

 Archiaa came to Rome iu the consulship of Marius and Lutatius 

 Catulus, B.C. 102, and lost no time in recommending himself to these 

 leading persons by a poem celebrating their victories over the Cimbri. 

 He was the intimate friend of Lucullus, and we find him chanting 

 the praises of that luxurious Roman in a poem on the Mithridatic 

 war. He was admitted to the freedom of Heraclea, one of the most 

 powerful Greek cities in the south of Italy, and one whose citizens 

 were entitled to all the privileges of Romans. It was thus that 

 .Archias became a naturalised citizen of Rome. Why a certain Gratius 

 hould have contested this right, we have no means of discovering ; 

 but as the public archives of Heraclea had been destroyed by fire, 

 Archias was unable to produce any legal document in proof of his 



claim. It was in this case that Cicero's beautiful oration was pro- 

 nounced. The epigrams published under the name of Archias in the 

 'Anthologia Grseca,' are in general below mediocrity, but as there 

 were several of the same name as the poet, we cannot decide to whom 

 they really belong. These epigrams have been published separately 

 by Ilgen, ' Animadvers. Histor. et Critic, in Cic. Orat. pro Archia,' 

 Erfurt, 1797; and by Hiilsemann, in his edition of 'Cicero's Oration 

 for Archias,' Lemgo, 1800, 8vo. The discovery by Angelo Mai, in the 

 Ambrosian library of Milan, of a commentary on Cicero's oration on 

 behalf of Archias by Asconius Pedianus, who flourished A.D. 30, seems 

 to establish the genuineness of the oration, of which some doubts 

 have been raised. 



ARCHIDA'MUS. Five kings of Sparta, of the royal line of the 

 Proclidae, are known to us by this name. The first lived before the 

 historical age of Sparta, and his name, mentioned by Herodotus (viii. 

 131), is the only memorial left of his existence. 



ARCHIDA'MUS II., son of Zeuxidamus, succeeded to the throne 

 when his grandfather, Leotychides, was banished from Sparta for 

 allowing his military proceedings in Thessaly to be influenced by a 

 bribe from his opponents. Archidamus reigned from B.O. 469 to 

 427. Prudence and foresight, steadiness of purpose, and gravity of 

 deportment, are the more prominent qualities which he displayed. In 

 the fourth year of his reign (B.C. 464) Sparta was nearly annihilated 

 by the violence of an earthquake, an opportunity which the Messeni- 

 ans seized in the hope of regaining their independence. The presence 

 of mind displayed by Archidamus on this occasion saved what remained 

 of the city from the hands of an exasperated foe ; but it was not till 

 ten years had elapsed, that this Third Messenian War, as it is called, 

 was brought to a close, when the Messenians evacuated their citadel, 

 Ithome. (Diod. Sic. xi. 64, Thucyd. i. 103.) Archidamus spoke for 

 peace in the important council held by the Lacedaemonians before they 

 resolved on the Peloponnesian war (B.C. 431), but so much confidence 

 had they in Archidamus, that they placed him at the head of the 

 troops to be led against the Athenians. He was their general also 

 in their second (B.C. 430) and third expeditions (B.C. 428). He was 

 succeeded by his son Agis II., probably in B.C. 427. (Thucyd. i. 79, 

 ii. 10-20, 71, iii. 1.) 



ARCHIDA'MUS III., the sou of the celebrated Agesilaus, succeeded 

 his father B.C. 361, and died B.C. 338. In B.C. 367, during his father's 

 lifetime, we find him in command of the Spartan troops, and gaining 

 a battle against the Arcadians and Argeians, which is known in history 

 as 'the tearless victory.' Not one of the Spartans fell, but of the 

 enemy a large number were killed. (Xenoph., ' Hell.,' vii. 1. 28-32.) 

 In B.c. 338, he was sent to Italy to assist the inhabitants of Tarentum, 

 then engaged in war with their neighbours the Lucanians. He fell 

 fighting bravely at the head of his troops ; and a statue was erected 

 to his honour, at Olympia, by his countrymen. He was succeeded by 

 his son Agia IIL (Diod. Sic. xvi. 24, 63 ; Strabo, vi. 280 ; Paus. 

 iii. 10.) 



ARCHIDA'MUS IV., the son of Eudamidas, is mentioned by Plu- 

 tarch, who states that he was defeated (B.C. 296) by Demetrius Polior- 

 cetes; and ARCHIDAMUS V., son of another Eudamidas, was put to 

 death by his royal colleague, Cleomenes III., somewhere between 

 B.c. 236-220. In him ended the line of the 1'roclidie, for though he 

 left five sons, they were passed over, and Lycurgus, not of the royal 

 family, was raised to the throne. (Polyb. iv. 2, v. 37.) 



ARCHI'GENES of Apamea, a medical author and practitioner, who 

 enjoyed a great reputation at Rome during the reign of the emperor 

 Trajan. He must have held a very distinguished rank among his 

 contemporaries, as appears from several passages in the ' Satires of 

 Juvenal ' (vi. 236, xiii. 98, xiv. 259), hi which his name is employed 

 to denote a great physician generally. Archigenes followed the prin- 

 ciples of the Pneumatic sect, founded by Athenaeus of Attalia, and is 

 known to have written a considerable number of treatises on patho 

 logy, the practice of medicine and surgery. The only remains of his 

 works which we now possess are fragments contained iu the works of 

 Galen, ufctius, and Oribasius. Some of the surgical fragments have 

 been collected by Cocchi, ' Grsecorum Chir. libr.' 



ARCHI'LOCHUS, one of the most celebrated lyric poets of Greece. 

 He was son of Telesicles by Enipo, a slave, and he was born in Paros, 

 an island of the vEgean Sea, By Herodotus (i. 12) and Tatian he is 

 made contemporary with Gyges, king of Lydia, Olympiad 23, or about 

 B.C. 688. Between B.C. 710 and B.C. 700, he settled in Thasos, and 

 described with much feeling the sufferings caused by the ambition of 

 the Thasiins in their attacks on their neighbours. He was, indeed, 

 more formidable with his pen than his sword ; like AlosBus and Horace, 

 he thought life preferable to honour, and did not hesitate to turn his 

 back on an enemy. This event in the life of Archilochus took place, 

 according to the old scholiast on Aristophanes, in au expedition against 

 a people called Sai, in Thrace. Archilochus, it would appear, defended 

 himself by boldly declaring that it was better to lose one's shield 

 than life, and Plutasch, in his account of the Spartan republic, states 

 that Archilochus was banished from Sparta for such a remarkable 

 opinion. His poetry was full of energy, terse in its language, and 

 vivid in its images. Of his satirical powers no doubt can be enter- 

 tained, if we credit the story of Lycambes. He had promised his 

 daughter iu marriage to Archilochus, but having changed his inten- 

 tion, the poet directed such a severe satire against th-j offenders, that 



