AUDKN, ROBERT. 



ARETINO, PIETRO. 



: 



the chaif* laid against him being no lee* than high in, 

 queen, a. privy to some fool intention* that Master Somerville. hi* 

 eon-in-Uw (a Roman Catholic), had towards her person : for which be 

 wa* pnnetinted with so great rigour and violence, by the Earl of 

 Leicester'* msan*. whom be had irritated in some particular* (as I 

 have credibly beard), partly in disdaining to wear his livery, which 

 many in thi* country of hi* rank thought, in the** day*, no small 

 honour; but chiefly for galling him by certain banh expressions, 

 touching his private ace***** to th* Count*** of E**ex before *h* was 

 hi* wife ; that through tit* testimony of on* Hall, a prieat, h* wa* 

 found guilty of th* fact, and lost hi* life in Smithfield.'' 



iCamden, Hvtory of lb*k, Quern of England; Biograpkia 

 .ft ifejnm'i*) ; Dugdal*, A ntiqmitit* of WorirtohiAiif.) 



ARDEN, ROBERT, the *on of Edward Arden, wa* a lawyer, and i* 

 aid to have mooeedad in recovering from Darcy by law-uite the 

 greater part of his father', atate*. 



ARDEN, RICHARD PEPPER, LORD ALVANLEY, was the 

 second son of John Arden, Esq., and was born in 1745 at Bradbury, 

 near Stockport He received his early education at tbe grammar 

 aehool in Manchester, and in 1769 was admitted as gentleman-corn- 

 of Trinity College, Cambridge. He wa* admitted a member of 



the Society of the Middle Temple in the year 1782, and wa* called to 

 the bar in 1709. At the commencement of hi* professional life he 

 became th* associate and friend of Mr. Pitt, and bis intimacy with that 

 '>""" WM undoubtedly the efficient cause of hi* success. In 1 770 

 h* wa* appointed a judge on the South Wales circuit in conjunction 

 with Mr. Justice Harrington, and in 1780 be became king'* counsel and 

 a bencher of the Middle Temple. When Mr. Fox and Mr. Burke, with 

 other member* of th* Whig party, seceded from the administration in 

 178J, upon the death of the Marqui* of Rockingham, Mr. Arden wa* 

 appointed solicitor general ; and in the same year he first came into 

 parlismeajt aa member for Newtown in the Isle of Wight In April, 

 1783, when the coalition between Lord North and Mr. Fox wa* formed, 

 h* r ' f'fil T *f his office of solicitor-general, and became one of the most 

 constant and strenuous supporters of Mr. Pitt in his opposition to that 

 ministry. Upon Mr. Pitt being again placed at the head of the govern- 

 ment, Mr. Arden was re-appointed solicitor-general. This occurred in 

 December, 178S; and in March of tbe following year be became 

 attorney-general, and chief ju.tioe of Chester upon the removal of 

 Mr. Kenyon to the Roll*. At the new parliament, which was called 

 in May, 1784, he sat for Aldborough in Yorkshire. He retained the 

 office of attorney-general for four years, and when Lord Kenyon was 

 appointed lord chief justice of the King's Bench, in the summer of 

 1788, Mr. Arden, after considerable opposition on the part of Lord 

 Thurlow, then Lord Chancellor, became Master of the Rolls. On 

 receiving thi* promotion Mr. Arden wss knighted, and was again 

 returned to parliament for Aldborough. In the new House of Com- 

 mons, which assembled in November, 1790, he sat as one of the 

 members for Hutinga. 



Shortly after the close of Easter term. 1801, Lord Eldon having 

 relinquished the office of Lord Chief Justice of tbe Court of Common 

 Pie**, Sir Richard Pepper Arden .ucceeded him, and was created a 

 peer by th* title of Baron Alvanley of Alvanley in the county palatine 

 of Cheater. H* presided in the Court of Common Plea* less than three 

 years. He was suddenly seized with an inflammation of the bowels, 

 and died on th* lth of March, 1804, after an illness of a few days. 



Lord Alvanley married in 1784 a daughter of Richard Wilbraham 

 Bootie, Esq., and sister of Lord Skelmersdale. By thi. lady he had 

 two son* and tore* daughters, who all survived him. 



ARKT.CC.S, surnamed Cappadof, or the C<ij>padocian, one of the 

 most valuable medical writer* of antiquity, is supposed to have lived 

 in th* latter part of th* 1st and the beginning of the 2nd century 

 ft- r ( 'unit. It seems to be a peculiar merit of this physician to 

 have remained Ira* from the predominant influence of any one of the 

 prevailing theoretical schools, and to have preserved a praiseworthy 

 independence in the observation and treatment of disease*. Arcticus 

 was an original observer ; bis writings bear no traces of compilation ; 

 and if some of the information which be affords belongs to the age 

 in which be lived, a great part of it seems to be the result of his own 

 petwoal experience. 



ArcUru* regard* d a knowledge of the structure and functions of 

 the body as a turns* ry (tep toward* tbe study of disease ; his anato- 

 mical remarks however betray sufficiently the imperfect state of this 

 denes in hi* tin)*. He concurred with the Pneumatic physicians and 

 th* Stoic philosopher., in believing the heart to be " the principle of 

 life and atreagth," and the seat of tbe soul. He gave a full account of 

 the distribution of the vrna portarum, and regarded all vein* as having 

 their origin in th* liver; be also was aware of the numerous com- 

 munications which *xi*t in various part* of the venous system, which 

 tad him to refute the notion that particular vein* in the arm are con- 



I with particular internal organs, and the consequences which 

 WOT* drawn from thi* notion as to bloodletting. AnUeus looked upon 

 th* uver aa the organ deatined to prepare tbe blood, and tbe .pleen as 

 fitted to purify that fluid. He regarded both the stomach and colon 

 a* organ* of digestion, and bestowed much attention on the i 

 aftecUon* of th* latter organ. He knew that the kidney* had a glan- 

 TW. He stated the nerves to be tbe organs of sensation 

 The fact that injuries of the head are apt to produce 



paralytic affection, on the opposite aide did not escape hi* observation, 

 and, in order to account for it, lie stated that the nervous fibres in 

 th* brain form a decussation in the ibape of the Greek letter X, whilst 

 the nerve* arising from the ipinal marrow proceed directly to the 

 organ for which they are designed. Notwithstanding these curkmi 

 remarks on the functions of tbe nervous system, Aretajus evidently 

 did not make any clear distinction between the uervou* and tendinous 

 part*; the latter are undoubtedly alluded to, when he say* that, 

 beside* the nerve* proceeding from the brain, there arc other* which 

 pas* from one bone to another, and are tbe principal sources of motion. 



The descriptions which Arebcu. baa given of the diseases to which 

 the human economy i* subject are accurate delineation*-, evidently 

 taken from nature, and distinguished by a peculiar liveliness, elegance, 

 and conciseness of diction. He is thought to have excelled all ancient 

 author*, not even excepting Hippocrates, in the art of describing dis- 

 eases, and may still be regarded aa a model in this specie* of litera- 

 ture. Hi* account of epilepsy, tetanus, acute and chronic headaches, 

 hscmoptysis and causus. or burning fever, are peculiarly happy speci- 

 mens of his manner of writing. 



In the treatment of diseases, Aretmus regarded experience a* tbe 

 best guide, anil he repeatedly refers to the necessity of following the 

 hints which nature gives to tbe physician. His methods of treatment 

 seem to have been energetic where it appeared necessary, but always 

 simple; and he was averse to that farrago of medicine* to the use of 

 which some of hi* contemporaries were addicted. 



He frequently employed emetic*, purgative*, and clysters ; and be 

 was aware that emetic* not only evacuate the content] of tbe stomach 

 and intestines, but derive a great part of their efficacy from the shock 

 which the act of vomiting produce* in those parts. He was fond of 

 bloodletting in chronic as well aa acute diseases, but cautious with 

 regard to the quantity of blood which he took away : he advises the 

 blood to be stopped before fainting supervene*, and recommends iu 

 apoplexy not to take away too much blood at one bleeding. He also 

 mentions the practice of opening a vein on the back of the hand, and 

 he practised the operation of arteriotomy. He employed cupping- 

 glasses and leeches, and he is the first author who mentions blistering 

 with cantbarides. 



Scarcely any internal medicines were employed by Areteus in the 

 treatment of acute diseases ; but he paid strict attention to diet and 

 regimen : among his dietetics.! prescriptions, those on the use of the 

 different kinds of milk deserve to be mentioned. In treating chronic 

 diseases he more frequently had recourse to the aid of medicines ; we 

 find him prescribing diuretics, sudorific*, and several of the compound 

 stimulating preparations which were in vogue in his time. 



Of tbe writings of AreUeus, only four books on the causes and 

 symptoms, and aa many on the treatment, of acute and chronic diseases 

 are extant ; nor have they been preserved in a perfect form : chap. i. 

 iv., and part of chap. v. of the first book on the causes, and several 

 passages in the books on the treatment, of diseases are lost In this 

 work the author alludes to his treatises on surgery, on pharmacy, on 

 fever*, and on the disease* of women, of all which works not a single 

 fragment now remain*. Had they been handed down to our times, 

 they would have formed most important additions to medical literature. 

 Aretaeus wrote in the Ionic dialect of the Greek language. 



The eight books of Arettcus were first edited from the Parisian 

 manuscripts by J. Ooupyl. and published at Paris, 1554, 8vo. The 

 standard edition is that of Mr. John Wigau, student of Christ Church, 

 Oxford: it was undertaken by the advice and with the assign 

 Dr. Freind, and printed at the Clarendon Press, 1723, folio. Wigau 

 gave a very good Latin translation, notes, and a valuable dissertation 

 ' de AreUci acute, secta, in rebus anatomicis scientia, et cumuli rations.' 

 Arclteus also forms the 24tb volume of Kiihu's edition of tbe Greek 

 medical authors, Lifts., 1828, 8vo. An English translation of AreUetu, 

 ! y .Iliii Moffst, was published at London, 1785, Svo. 



A 1 ; KTI'NO, PIETRO, was one of tbe most notorious men of letters 

 who lived in the 16th century. Tbe admirers of bis literary talents 

 called him 'the Divine.' The political position he wax supp 

 hold was indicated by his other title, ' the Scourge of Prince*.' Both 

 titles were, like the life of the man, thoroughly deceptive. He was A 

 person of much natural genius, of very little learning, of no industry, 

 and almost utterly destitute of moral principle. Tbe favourable cir- 

 cumstances in his history are chiefly to be gathered from his own 

 correspondence, the unfavourable ones from bitter libel* on him written 

 by hi* enemies. 



Pietro was born at Arezzo in 1492, and is believed to have been tbe 

 natural sou of a gentleman named Luigi Bacci. Till his twentieth 

 year he lived poor and neglected, working for some time as a book- 

 binder in Perugia, picking up such fragments of education as he could, 

 and distinguishing himself by one or two acts of audacious disrespect 

 for the religion of his country. For about fifteen years after this 

 period he was a wanderer through Italy, serving the great in capa- 

 cities of a very subordinate kind, and repeatedly involving hiniwlf in 

 disgrace by misconduct, but still contriving to impress on all who 

 knew him a very high opinion of his natural endowments. After 

 having acquired the patronage of the papal court, he lost it in 1 528 

 by writing obscene sonnet*, to accompany the equally obscene engrav- 

 ings made by Marcantonio from drawings of Giulio Romano. An 

 attempt to recover the favour of his Roman patrons was defeated by 



