AU'iKXS, MARQUIS D'. 



AUUYLL, K-UIL OF. 



lamp, his invention appears to have become known to Ambroiat 

 Bonaventure Lang*, of Paris, distiller to th* king, who claimed tha 

 perfecting of th* discovery by the use of the glass chimney for himself, 

 and obtained a very favourable report upon the improved lamp from 

 th* Academy of Science*, in which he was stated to be the inventor. 

 Hearing this. Argand wont to Paris to contest his claim ; but after 

 much contention, finding his opponent very determined in his proton- 

 tons, be consented to share th* profit* of the invention with him, and, 

 accordingly, on the 5th of January, 1787, Utters patent were granted 

 to Argand and Langr, giving them the exclusive right to make and 

 all the new lamp* in Franc* for fifteen years. The statement made 

 on obtaining this joint patent gave the credit of the invention to Argand, 

 stating that he communicated hit first trials to the chemist Maoqner 

 in August, 17*3, and that be subsequently porf-ctod the lamp by the 

 addition of th* glass chimney while in England. The superiority of 

 the nrw lamp* soon brought them into such general ue, that in 1789 

 th* tinmen of Paris endeavoured to overthrow the patent, and for 

 this purpose published an sbutiv* memoir, iu which it was contended 

 that as Argand and Langd had so long disputed the credit of the 

 invention, it could not belong to either of them ; a course of reasoning 

 which led Argand, in a printed reply, to allude to the long-pending 

 dispute between Newton and Leibnitx respecting the differential 

 calculus, in which case he pleads that no such conclusion was drawn. 

 Argand was however soon deprived of advantage from his patent by 

 th* abolition of all exclusive privilege* which took place during the 

 Revolution, and he also lost for a time the honour of his invention, the 

 lamps being called after a person of the name of Quinquet, who intro- 

 duced some modifications of form. Argand retired to England, where 

 chagrin so preyed upon him that he at length returned to his native 

 country with broken health, and died there on the 24th of October, 

 1803. In the brief memoir in the ' Biographie Universelle,' Argand 

 is styled a physician and chemUt, and is said to have invented some 

 useful processt* for the improvement of wine*. It is also related there 

 that he became melancholy and visionary towards the close of his life, 

 devoting himself to the occult sciences, aud seeking to obtain from the 

 bone* and dust of the sepulchre the means of prolonging life. (Ilioyra- 

 fkie I'nirtnMe, SuppUmenl, vol. L ; Penny Magazine, Hi. 120.) 



AROENS, JEAN-BAPTISTE DK BOYER, MARQUIS D', was 

 born at Aix in Provence, on the 24th of June, 1704. His father wss 

 procureur-gciicral to the parliament of Aix. The parent* of D'Argens 

 wished him to follow the profession of the law, but he refused, and 

 entered the army at the age of fifteen. After various adventures he 

 for a time quitted the military profession; but resuming it in 1733, 

 was at the siege of Kehl in 1734, and was slightly wounded ; but some 

 time after at the siege of Philipsburg on the Rhine, he was so seriously 

 disabled by a fall from a horse that he was obliged to leave the service. 

 Disinherited by his father, he went to Holland, and gained his liveli- 

 hood by his pen. Here be wrote his ' Lettres Juives,' aud his ' Lettres 

 Chinoue*,' and the ' Lettres Cabalistiques.' In December, 1741, he 

 arrived at Berlin, with a recommendation to Frederick II., king of 

 Prussia, whose offers induced him to fix his abode in the Prussian 

 capital Frederick mad* him chamberlain, and co-director of the 

 academy, and gave him a salary of six thousand livres. D'Argens 

 soon became one of the most intimate of Frederick's associates ; his 

 conversation was remarkable for a certain bonhommit and vivacity 

 which rendered it very agreeable. But Frederick was fond of playing 

 him practical jokes, and he used to rally D'Argtns most unmerci- 

 fully on the hypochondriac humours to which he gave way. At the 

 eg* of nearly sixty D'Argens married an actress named Mademoiselle 

 Cocboia, without Frederick's knowledge, a step which the king never 

 entirety forgave. Though be bad agreed with the king, on entering 

 Us service, that be should be at liberty to retire at a certain age, and 

 be had passed the stipulated period, still he could not venture to 

 apply for bis dismissal, but solicited leave of absence, and with great 

 difficulty obtained it, for six months (1769). Towards the end of the 

 appointed time he was returning, when he was taken very ill at Bourg 

 en Bresse. His wife was so occupied in attendance upon Mm, that 

 she forgot to write to Frederick to explain the cause of his prolonged 

 absence, and Frederick, concluding that the marquis had given him 

 tbe slip, struck out his name from the pension li.-t, D'Argens, irri- 

 tated at this return for his long services, went back immediately to 

 Provence, and lived about two years at Eguille* on a small estate 

 which bis brother, the President of Eguilles, had given him, although 

 h* bad been disinherited by his father. D'Argens died at Toulon 

 January 11, 1771, of indigestion. When Frederick heard of his death, 

 be ordered a marble monument to be erected to his memory at 

 Kguilles. It is said that D'Argens asked for Uie sacrament in bis lat 

 sickness ; that he often read the Gospel, and was admitted at a peni- 

 tent by a certain brotherhood. He left su adopted daughter. 



I' Argens was master of several languages, had some knowledge of 

 cbemutry snd anatomy, and painted pretty well His works are very 

 numerous, and are enumerated by Quirard in L* France Littc'ralre.' 

 His' Memoirs 'and 'Letters' contain notices of the lives, acts, and 

 peculiarities of numerous writers that can only be found elsewhere by 

 consulting a variety of authors. 



(Abridged from the Jiwyrafkical Dictionary of tkt Society for Die 

 /*./ o/ I'itfml XmowUdoe.) * ' 



AKOETUSOLA, BABTOLOME LEONARDO DE, was a native of 



Barbaatro in Aragon, and descended from a noble family, originally 

 from Kavenua in Italy. Ho was born iu 1586. He studied at the 

 university of Huesca, and entered the ecclesiastical profession. Through 

 the influence of bis brother he was made a chaplain to the 1'rincees 

 Maria of Austria, and rector of ViUanermosa, He followed his bruther 

 to Naples, and remained in Italy three years after his death. In 1616 

 he returned to Spain, and was made a canon of Zaragoxa, in which 

 town he died, according to some authorities in 1633, and according to 

 other* in 1631. 



Argensola left behind him a continuation of the ' Annals of Aragon,' 

 by Zurita, a ' History of the Conquest of the Molucca Inlands,' aom* 

 letters, satires, and other poetical effusions. The continuation of the 

 history of Zurita, in point of style exceeds the original, and the events 

 are related with no less accuracy than freedom. As poets, himself and 

 his brother are among the first that Spain has produced. Their poetry 

 is marked by singular correctness of taste, on which account they have 

 bean styled the Horaces of Spain. 



AROE'NSOLA, LUPERCIO LEONARDO DE, brother of Bar- 

 tolomo, was born in 1565, and began his studies at the university of 

 Huesca. He afterwards went to Zaragoza, where he studied Greek, 

 history, and rhetoric. Before he had attained hU twenty-fifth year he 

 went to Madrid, where bo became secretary to the Princess Maria of 

 Austria. The archduke Albert of Austria made him his chamberlain, 

 and Philip III. appointed him historiographer of Aragon. The count 

 of Lemos having been appointed viceroy of Naples, took Argensola 

 with him, and made him his secretary of state, and also secretary for 

 war. In 1613 he died at Naples. Ha left behind him three tragedies, 

 some poems, and other works. 



ARGYLL, CAMPBELLS, LORDS OF. This family traces its lineage 

 to an individual of their name who in the 12th century married the 

 daughter of a Gaelic chieftain, and got with her the lordship of Lochow 

 in the shire of Argyll From that period the heads of the family and 

 many of its members have taken an active part in public affairs. The 

 more distinguished of them, however, are the following : 



Aiu HIIIALD CAHFBELL, eighth Earl of Argyll, was born in the 

 year 1598, and from bis earliest years was noted for his piety and 

 devotion. In lt>28, when bearing the title of Lord Lorn, his father 

 Archibald, the seventh earl, having left the kingdom, he resigned into 

 the king's hands bis father's hereditary office of lord justiciar, or, as 

 it came to be styled, justice-general of Scotland. 



In 1633, the Karl of Argyll having declared himself a convert to the 

 Roman Catholic faith, was obliged to make over his estates to his son, 

 ng only a suitable maintenance to himself; and the following 

 year Lord Lorn was appointed by the king one of the extraordinary 

 lords of session. In the month of April, 1 638, when the national cove- 

 nant was framed and sworn to by nearly the entire ]>opulation of 

 Scotland, he was called up with others to London to give advice to 

 the king under the existing circumstances of the kingdom ; when Lorn 

 alone spoke freely and honestly, and recommended the utter abolition 

 of those innovations which his majesty had made on the constitution 

 of the Scottish church. He returned to Scotland on the 20th of May ; 

 and on his father's death, the same year, succeeded to all his honours 

 and possession?. He attended the meeting of the general assembly at 

 Glasgow that year, and there openly joined the church against the 

 court. It was at this assembly that the oppressive policy of two 

 reigns was subverted, episcopacy abolished, and prcsbyteriauixm estab- 

 lished. To repress the rising of the M'Doualds and the Karl of Antrim 

 in aid of the invasion of Scotland by the royalist*, which afterwards 

 followed, Argyll proceeded to his own country, where he raised a force 

 of 900 of hi> vassals, part of which he stationed in Kintyre, part in 

 Lorn, and with the remainder he passed over to Arran, which he 

 secured by seizing upon the castle of Brodick. Ho subsequently 

 traversed with a force of about 5000 men and a small train of artillery, 

 the districts of Badenoch, Athol, aud Mar, levying the taxes imposed 

 by the estates of Scotland, and enforcing subuii-siou to their authority. 



When the king came to Scotland in 1641, with a view to the settle- 

 ment of the kingdom, Argyll was qualified by bis learning and talents, 

 no less than by his services, for the post of lord-chancellor, then vacant, 

 but the king was afraid to aggrandize one already so powerful, and the 

 place was bestowed on Lord Loudoun. Argyll however was created a 

 marquis, by the title of Marquis of Argyll. In the disturbances and 

 civil war which soon afterwards followed, Argyll iu 1644 took part 

 against the king, and commanded the army sent against Montrose, 

 whom he proclaimed a traitor, and offered a reward of 20,0001. for 

 his head. Montrose, whose forces were inferior, retreated northwards, 

 and Argyll showed no disposition to risk an action until, having been 

 joined by additional troops under the Earl of Lothian, he attacked 

 Montrose near Castle Tyvie in Aberdeenshire, but was defeated, left 

 the army, aud returned to Edinburgh. He however resumed the 

 command shortly afterwards, and on February 2nd, 1646, was again 

 routed, fled, and carried the intelligence of hit) own defeat to the par- 

 liament at Edinburgh. They expressed thrir dissatisfaction so loudly 

 that Argyll resigned the commission which he held from the Estate* 

 as general of the army ; and in February, 1646, was sent over to Ire- 

 land to bring home the Scotch troops which had been directed thither 

 to assist in repressing the turbulence of the Catholics. He returned in 

 May following; and in the month of July in the same year, when the 

 king had surrendered himself to the Scottish army, Argyll went to 



