305 



ARGYLL, EARL OF. 



ARIALDUS. 



306 



Newcastle to pay his respects to him, aud he was afterwards employed 

 in the conference with the parliament of England on the articles pre- 

 sented by the Estates to the king. He took also a leading part in the 

 installation of Charles II., on whose head he placed the crown at Scone 

 on January 1, 1651. He submitted however to the subsequent usurpa- 

 tion of Cromwell, and under Richard sat in parliament for the county 

 of Aberdeen. For these compliances he was at the Restoration indicted 

 for high treason, and, being convicted, he was beheaded on Monday, 

 May 27, 1661. 



ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, ninth Earl of Argyll, was the eldest 

 son of the marquis. During his father's life he had served in 

 the army with the king's friends ; Cromwell had exempted him from 

 his act of grace, and Monk required him to give sureties for his peace- 

 able conduct. His father had not been attainted, and he was restored 

 to tho estate and title of Earl of Argyll in 1663. He shared also 

 largely in tho profits and preferments which followed on the lung's 

 restoration. He was also appointed one of the lords of council, but 

 took no prominent part in public affairs until 1681, when he gave 

 much offence to the covenanters by voting in the council for the execu- 

 tion of Donald Cargill, one of their most valued preachers. In the 

 same year the Duke of York arrived in Scotland, shortly after which 

 the Test Act was introduced to the parliament of Scotland, and 

 though Argyll opposed it strenuously, it was carried and passed in 

 one day August 31st, the tiino for taking it being limited to 

 January 1st, 1682. All the privy councillors took it in September 

 except Argyll, who waited on the Duke of York to explain his scruples, 

 and represented that the limited time had not nearly expired. On 

 November 3 however he took it with the reservation of ' as far as con- 

 sistent with the Protestant faith/ and thereupon resumed his seat as 

 a privy councillor. On November 8 he was indicted for treason 

 and leaaing-making, tried, and condemned to death on December 12. 

 He made his escrpe from confinement however in the train of his 

 step-daughter, Lady Sophia Lindsay, disguised as her page, and 

 escaped to Holland. He afterwards returned, in April, 1685, and, at 

 the head of a considerable force, made a descent into Argyllshire ; but 

 being made prisoner, he was executed, on the 30th of June, on a 

 single day's notice, on his former sentence. His own son had offered 

 to serve in the royal army against his father, when he invaded Scot- 

 land previous to his execution. This son was ARCHIBALD, tenth Earl 

 of Argyll, so acknowledged by parliament before the reversal of his 

 father's attainder. He also sat in the Convention of 1689 as such ; 

 and was one of the commissioners deputed by the estates to offer the 

 crown of Scotland to the Prince of Orange, aud to tender the corona- 

 tion oath. The next year he was made a lord of the treasury, and in 

 1694 an extraordinary lord of session. In 1696 he was appointed 

 colonel of the Scots Horse Guards ; and afterwards raised a regiment 

 of his own clan, which greatly distinguished itself in Flanders. On 

 the 23rd June, 1701, he was created Duke of Argyll; and died in 

 September, 1703. 



JOHN CAMPBELL, second Duke of Argyll, was born October 10th, 

 1678, and succeeded his father in 1703, was sworn of the king's 

 privy couucil, appointed captain of the Scots Horse Guards, and, 

 though scarce twenty-five years old, raised to the seat occupied by his 

 father as an extraordinary lord of session. This last place however 

 he not loug afterwards resigned in favour of his brother, Archibald 

 Campbell, then lord high treasurer of Scotland, who, in the end of 

 1700, was created Viscount and Earl of Hay, for his services in further- 

 ing the Union with England. For the like services Argyll had, in 

 1705, been created an English peer, by the titles of Baron Chatham 

 and Earl of Greenwich. His grace after this served four campaigns 

 under the Duke of Marlborough in Flanders, where he rose to the 

 rank of lieutenant-general, and honourably distinguished himself in 

 the battles of Ramillies, Oudenard, and Malpluquet, and at the sieges 

 of Ostend, Meenen, Lisle, Ghent, and Tournay. On the change of 

 ministry in 1710 he joined the court, and was appointed ambassador 

 and generalissimo in Spain ; and on the same occasion his brother, 

 the Earl of llay, was made lord justice-general of Scotland for life. 

 On his return from Spam, where he effected very little, he changed 

 Ids political party again, and was in consequence deprived of his 

 government offices. When the Hanover family attained the throne, 

 he was appointed commander-in-chief of all the king's forces in Scot- 

 land ; and in repressing the rebellion of 1715 behaved with great 

 energy and decision, defeating the Earl of Mar, at Dumblane on Novem- 

 ber 13th of that year. On the 13th April, 1719, he was advanced to 

 the dignity of Duke of Greenwich. After several changes in the 

 political world he retired in a great degree from public life, though 

 after the affair of the Porteous mob he earnestly advocated the cause 

 of the city of Bdinburgh, which it was proposed by the ministry to 

 punish severely. He ditd on September 3rd, 1743, when, leaving no 

 male iaaue, his English titles of Duke and Earl of Greenwich and 

 Haron Chatham became extinct. His other titles passed to his brother 

 already noticed, Archibald, Earl of Hay, and third Duke of Argyll. 

 By these two brothers, aa has been well remarked, the views of a 

 certain party in Scotland at the Union to perpetuate their authority 

 over their countrymen were actually realised, the whole kingdom 

 having become subji ct to them through the servility of the few mem- 

 . hich Scotland long reliirnud to parliament. The latter, indeed, 

 had the affairs of Scotland o entirely at his disposal, that he obtained 

 DIV. VOL. I. 



the appellation of King of Scotland. He died on the 15th April, 1761, 

 and, leaving no issue, his own immediate honours became extinct, 

 while those of his family descended to his cousin. 



* GEORGE JOHN DOUGLAS CAMPBELL, eighth Duke of Argyll, was 

 born in 1823. He was the second son of John Douglas Edward 

 Henry, the seventh duke, who succeeded his brother in 1839, and the 

 elder brother of the present duke died young. Early in life, as Marquis 

 of Lome, he took a decided part in the controversies of the Presbjterian 

 Church of Scotland relating to patronage, and was looked upon by 

 Dr. Chalmers as an important and valuable adherent. On January 15, 

 1842, he published 'A Letter to the Peers, from a Peer's Son, on the 

 duty and necessity of immediate Legislative Interposition in behalf 

 of the Church of Scotland, as determined by Considerations of Con- 

 stitutional Law.' This pamphlet is an historical view of the church, 

 particularly in reference to lay patronage ; in it he strongly condemns 

 the Earl of Aberdeen's proposed measure for "removing doubts" on 

 the subject, and recommends the abolition of lay patronage by legisla- 

 tive acts. But though thus decided in his opinion, he was by no means 

 disposed to accompany Dr. Chalmers in his separation from the church. 

 Accordingly, after it had taken place, in the same year (1842), he pub- 

 lished ' A Letter to the Rev. Thomas Chalmers, D.D., on the present 

 Position of Church Affairs in Scotland, and the Causes which have led to 

 it. By the Marquis of Lome." 'In this pamphlet he continues strongly in 

 favour of the anti-patronage principle, but declines to designate " the 

 absolutely arbitrary location of ministers " by the term ' intrusion,' as 

 being unfair : he also contends for the right of the church to legislate 

 for itself, but condemns the Free Church movement, which had just 

 taken place at the General Assembly. Dr. Chalmers had said " lay 

 patronage and the integrity of the spiritual independence of the church 

 had been proved to be like oil and water immiscible." From this 

 extreme view he dissents, and declines to leave the church. In 1848 

 he published ' An Essay on the Ecclesiastical History of Scotland since 

 the Reformation ;' a careful and clever expansion of his first pamphlet. 



In 1847 the Marquis of Lome succeeded his father in the dukedom, 

 as also in the sheriffdom of Argyleshire, and as master of the queen's 

 household in Scotland, both hereditary offices. After taking his seat 

 in the House of Peers, he frequently took part in the debates, and 

 distinguished himself as an effective speaker. On the accession of 

 Lord Aberdeen to office in 1852, he was appointed Lord Privy Seal. 

 On the breaking-up of that ministry in February 1855, by the seces- 

 sion of Lord John Russell, and the appointment of Mr. Roebuck's 

 Committee, in consequence of dissatisfaction with the ministers for 

 their conduct of the war against Russia, the duke retained his office 

 under the prime-ministry of Lord Palmerston, which he continued to 

 hold till November 1855, when he exchanged it for that of Postmaster- 

 General 



The Duke of Argyll married in 1844 Elizabeth Georgiana, the eldest 

 daughter of the Duke of Sutherland, by whom he has issue. His 

 grace has always shown a marked attention to literary and scientific 

 pursuits. He usually attends and takes a part in the business at the 

 meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 

 of which he was president in 1855, when it met at Glasgow ; and he 

 was elected Chancellor of the University of St. Andrews in 1851, aud 

 Rector of the University of Glasgow in 1854. The present duke has 

 maintained and added to the improvements in planting and agriculture, 

 which were largely carried on in Argyleshire by his uncle, Duke 

 William, who died in 1839. 



ARI or ARA or ARE HIN FRODI, or the Learned, the earliest 

 historian of Iceland whose writings have come down to us, was born in 

 Iceland in the year 1068. In the time of Gissur, the second bishop of 

 Iceland, An took priest's orders, and afterwards married and had a 

 family. He died on the 9th of November, in the year 1148, at the age 

 of 80 years. Only some of the v, ritings of Ari are preserved. The 

 ' Landnamabok ' and the * lalendinga Bok,' which are still extant, are 

 sufficient to attest the value of the labours of Ari. The ' Landnama- 

 bok ' is a history of the colonisation of Iceland. It was commenced 

 by Ari, continued by Kolskeg, Brand, Styrmir hin Frodi, aud Sturle 

 Thordsson, and completed by Haco Erlendisson. The ' Islendinga- 

 Bok ' or ' Book of the Icelanders ' is a small treatise of ten chapters 

 and a preface only, in which Ari speaks of the first occupation of 

 Iceland, the names of the earliest colonists, the laws they established, 

 their expeditions to Greenland, the first introduction of Christianity 

 into Iceland, and the names of the earliest bishops. (Abridged from 

 the Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful 

 Knowledge.) 



ARIALDUS was a deacon of the church of Milan, said to have been 

 of the family of Alciati. He made himself conspicuous in the schism 

 concerning discipline which broke out in that church in the latter half 

 of the llth century. It was the practice in the province of Lombardy, 

 which was spiritually subject to the Archbishop of Milan, to grant 

 priests' orders to married men who had married only one wife, she 

 being a spinster aud not a widow. If a priest became a widower, he 

 was not allowed to marry again, under pain of being interdicted the 

 exercise of his clerical functions. Such was likewise the practice of 

 the eastern church long before its separation from Rome, and such it 

 has coutinued to this day. In the west celibacy was strenuously 

 enforced upon the clergy, but its obligation was not universally 

 acknowledged until the latter part of the llth century, when the 



x 



