ARiua 



AKKWKIQHT, SIR RICHARD. 



with hk deny, the unity of rabetance in UM throe penon* in the 

 Deity, Ariu*. in reply. Mound the patriarch of baring fallen into the 

 nor of Sabelliua, who had confounded th three divine penon*. 

 AriiM maintained that the Son was created out of nothing before the 

 creation of the universe, and that he could be called God only on 

 Mount of hi* participation in extraordinary power*. Thi* doctrine 

 Ariui propagated in private, and after he had obtained many follower*, 

 he preached it publicly in the church. In order to introduce his 

 opinion* among the lower rlssans, he compoaed songm for sailon, miller*, 

 and traveller*, in the meacure of popular melodie*. The work of 

 Ariu*, called ' Tbaleia,' contained hi* doctrine in proae and verse. 

 AVpTT" A *' endeavoured to reclaim Ariu* by prirate admonition* in 

 letter* and by conference*, but fatting in hi* attempt*, he cited him in 

 341 before a naod of nearly one hundred Egyptian and Libyan bi*liop, 

 uOBveoed at Alexandria, where hi* doctrine, hi* person, and hi* fol- 

 lower*, were anathematized. Among the follower* of Ariu* were two 

 htahnpt, and eeTeral prieeU, deacon*, and virgin*. 



Ariu* now began to travel through the neighbouring countries, where 

 he excited sympathy for hi* misfortune*, and propagated hi* doctrine, 

 EmtHitt. bishop of Nioomedia, to whom Arias wrote a letter, still 

 extant (Kpiph^ 'Hajres.,' , 6; Theodoret, 'Hirt. EccW, 1 i. 4), 

 abtolred him from the Alexandrine excommunication ; he al*o con- 

 vened in 333 a synod in Bithynia, probably at Nicomedia, in hi* behalf; 

 wrote in hi* favour to all the oriental bishops, and to the emperor 

 Con*tantiue the Great, who, being at that time yet unbaptiscd, con- 

 aidered the diipnte a* trifling in iUelf, and recommended peace in 324, 

 in a letter addressed to Alexander and Ariu* jointly. 



ffonat antinv commiavioned Hoaiiu, bishop of Corduba, to examine 

 thia dispute at Alexandria, llosiua having made a report unfavour- 

 able to Ariu*, Constantino convened the bishop* of hi* empire in 325 

 in order to settle the point* in dispute between Ariu* and Alexander. 

 In thi* council at Nicsea 318 bishop* were sssimbled. Before thi* 

 body Ariu* (till persisted in rejecting all confessions of faith which 

 maintained the divinity of Christ and the ooniubctantiality of the 

 divine Word, and he opposed the expression which attributed to the 

 Son the same raw nee with the Father. Consequently he was again 

 anathematued by the synod, and exiled by the emperor to Illyricum, 

 together with two bishop*, who continued to adhere to him. Capital 

 punishment was denounced against all who would not deliver up the 

 writings of Ariu*. After three yean Constantino became reconciled 

 to Ariu* through the instrumentality of an Arian priest, who was 

 secretly not to the emperor by Euwbius, bishop of Nioomedia, and 

 by his niter Constant!*. A confection of faith, which seemed to be in 

 unison with the Niccne Creed, was drawn up and presented by Ariua 

 in 330 to the emperor, by whom he was reinstated in his church at 

 Alexandria ; but Athanasius, then bishop of Alexandria, would not 

 admit him. The synod* of Tyre and of Jerusalem in 335, through the 

 influence of Euaebius, re-admitted Ariua into church communion, and 

 recommended him to Athanaains ; but Ariu* was sent by his opposers 

 from Alexandria to Constantinople, in order to exculpate himself on 

 account of the trouble* excited by his presence at Alexandria. Arius 

 presented to the emperor in 336 a third confession of hi* faith, and 

 profsavd by oath to submit to the synod of Mice. It wa* accordingly 

 received that Arius should be received into church communion in a 

 solemn manner : but, according to Athanasiu*, he died on the evening 

 the Sunday on which he wa* to be received into church 



EuMbiu*, who became Bishop of Constantinople in 339, obtained 

 permission for the Arian* to celebrate public worship at Alexandria 

 and other place* of the' eastern empire. After the death of Constan tine 

 in 360, and the fall of the pretender Magnentiu* in 353, Couitautiu* 

 became ruler of the whole empire, and used hi* power to support the 

 Arians in the councils of Art** (354) and Milan (355), the decree* of 

 which be maintained by arm* against the Ath*na*ians. Many persons, 

 unable to understand the distinction between the doctrine* of Athana- 

 in* and Ariua, were influenced in the choice of their party by unworthy 

 motives. Moat bishop*, moved by the court, signed Arian creed*, 

 although some continued to teach Athanasian doctrine. The people, 

 except in occasional tumult*, gave themselves little trouble about 

 debates which they did not comprehend. The strict Arians rejected 

 the doctrine of Christ being s>*js*Wl (' of similar essence '), aa well as 

 that doctrine which made him titoovout (' consubstantiate,' or ' of equal 

 SSMIHII ') ; but the Semi Arums maintained the opinion of hi* being 

 bomoiouaio*.' The strict Arians, called also Ariomanitea, insisted 

 upon the Son being ra&7t ('of another substance'). The Goths, 

 Vandal*. Sueti, Burgundian*, and Lombard* embraced Ariauiam, but 

 exchanged it afterward* for orthodoxy. 



The history of Arianum may be divided into three period* : the first 

 commenced a considerable time before the life of Ann*, having origi- 

 nated in the Alexandrine school* of divinity of which Origen wa* the 

 mod splendid luminary. It terminated in the synod of Nicsga, in 325. 

 The Moood period began with th* opposition of the Euaebian* to the 

 council of tticea, and terminated in the second synod of Sirmium, in 

 367. I hiring thi* period the following synod* were held : one at Tyre 

 in 835, in which Athanaaiu* wa* deposed and exiled to Gaul by Con- 

 tontine; and immediately afterwards one at Jerusalem, in which 

 Ariu* WM received into church communion. 



Another synod WM held at Antioch in 341, in which th* bishop* 



declared that they could not be follower* of Anus, because, " how 

 could we, being bishops, be follower* of a presbyter!" In this synod 

 four creed* were approved, in which an endeavour wa* made to tteer 

 a middle courae between the Nicasan Homoousioa, or Semi-Arian riew, 

 and the definitions of Arius himself, aa between the two extremra of 

 divergence from the view* then generally received in the Kot.-rn 

 Church. These four creed* are extant in AthanaMtia, ' De Synodia,' 

 22-25. A general council waa again assembled at Bardic* in Thrace, 

 in which the emperor* Conitontiu* and Constans endeavoured in vain 

 to reconcile the combatant* for oriental and occidental orthodoxy. 

 The oriental* retired to the neighbouring city of Philippopolis, leaving 

 their occidental opponents alone at Sardica. 



Eusebianism waa, under Constantius, aa victorious in the cast as the 

 Niottan creed was under Constans in the west After the death of 

 Constans in 350, and the victory over Hagnentius in 353, Constantius 

 endeavoured to establish Eusebiauism by violent means in the we.st. 

 In the synods of Aries (354) and of Milan (355) he compelled the 

 assembled bishops to sign the condemnation of Athanasius. 



The third period terminated with the suppression of Arianism by 

 Theodosius I. The hut vestiges of Arianum in the Roman empire an 

 found in a law of Theodosius II. in 428. 



ARJOXA, MANUEL DE, born June 12, 1761, commenced his 

 studies at the university of Osuua, hi* native town, and afterwards 

 completed them, at that of Seville, where he took his degrees in civil 

 and canon law. Subsequently he entered the church, and was made 

 canon penitentiary in the cathedral of Cordova, and one of the chapter 

 of the chapel royal of San Ferdinand at Seville. In this last capacity 

 he accompanied the Archbishop of Seville to Rome in 1797, when ho 

 received from Pius VII. the honorary appointment of one of his 

 private chaplains. To scholastic erudition and classical learning 

 Arjona joined an acquaintance with general literature, and distin- 

 guished himself by his efforts to promote a taste for ouch studies 

 among his countrymen. lie was one of the most active and influential 

 member* of the Academia de Letra* Humana* at Seville, which insti- 

 tution could boast of many of the most intelligent individuals of 

 that period. He is chiefly known by his poetical productions. II.., 

 death took place July 25th, 1820. (Quintaua, Tctoro del Parnato 



ARKWRIGHT, SIR RICHARD, one of those extraordinary men 

 whose ingenuity has exerted a most powerful influence upon the con- 

 dition of civilised society, was born at Preston, in Lancashire, on the 

 23rd of December, 1732. His parents moved in an humble walk of 

 life ; and as he wag the youngest of thirteen children, we may suppose 

 that the amount of school learning which he received was exceedingly 

 scanty. About the year 1760 he quitted business as a barber, which 

 he bid previously carried on in the town of Bolton, and became an 

 itinerant dealer in hair. The profits of this business were increased 

 by means of a secret which he possessed for dyeing hair and pre- 

 paring it for the use of wig-makers. In reference to Arkwright's 

 pursuits at thi* period of his history, Thomas Carlyle in bia charac- 

 teristic manner says, " Nevertheless in stropping of razors, in shaving 

 of dirty beards, and the contradictious and confusions attendant thereon, 

 the man had notions in that rough head of his ! Spindles, shuttles, 

 wheels, and contrivances, plying ideally within the same ; rather hope- 

 less looking, which however he did at ast bring to bear. Not without 

 difficulty." 



Hi* first effort in mechanics has been supposed to be an attempt to 

 discover the perpetual motion, but Dr. Ure conjectures that Ark- 

 wright, alive to the importance of his cotton spinning apparatus, may 

 have during his earlier experiments disguised the real character of 

 his mechanism under that name. 



Up to the time we have mentioned, the cloths of English manu- 

 facture called calicoes, from Calicut, the place of their original pro- 

 duction, were formed by a mixture of linen and cotton ; tlie warp 

 was composed of linen and the weft of cotton, it being found im- 

 possible, by any mean* then known, to spin the fibres of cotton into 

 a thread sufficiently strong to be used a* warp. The demand for tliu 

 cloth soon became so great, that the females in the weaver's family by 

 whom the carding and spinning processes were performed, could not 

 prepare sufficient weft to keep the looms employed, and the weaver 

 was obliged to engage additional hands for preparing the cotton. The 

 limit to which this species of employment could be carried was soon 

 reached, and if some more productive mode of (pinning than that by 

 the one-thread wheel, then the only machine known, had not been 

 discovered, the progress of the cotton manufacture must have been 

 (topped, or at best would have been extremely slow. Mr. Uuest, in 

 his ' History of the Cotton Manufacture,' tells us, that at this time 

 " it was no uncommon thing for a weaver to walk three or four miles 

 in a morning, and coll on five or six spinners, before he could collect 

 weft to serve him for the remainder of the day." 



Some have called in question the talent* of Arkwright, and his 

 merit* as an iuventor ; and he has sometime* been considered as a 

 plagiarist or pirate of other men's ideas. If however the evidence is 

 carefully weighed, this charge will be seen to rest on very slight 

 grounds, while the proofs which he exhibited of possessing talent* of 

 the very highest order in the management of the vast concerns in 

 which he wo* afterward* engaged, arc unquestionable. A patent for 

 (pinning by mean* of roller* was taken out in the year 1738, by Mr. 



