349 



AKND, JOHN. 



ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE. 



360 



by Pascal against the Jesuits, which are known by the name of 

 ' Lettreg Provinciales.' After the peace of Clement IX., which for a 

 time allayed the Jansenist controversy, and to which Aruauld con- 

 tributed by an eloquent memorial to the pontiff, he was presented to 

 the pope's nuncio, aud also to Louis XIV., who received him graciously, 

 and invited him "to employ his golden pen in defence of religion." 

 IPs next work, in which he was associated with hia friend Nicole, 

 ' De la Perpe'tuite' de la Foi de 1'Eglise Catholique touchant 1'Eucha- 

 ritie," was dedicated to the pope. This occasioned a warm contro- 

 versy between ArnauM and the reformed minister Claude, in the 

 course of which Arnauld wrote * Du Renversement de la Morale de 

 J. C. par la Doctrine des Calvinistes touchant la Justification,' Paris, 

 1 672. Arnauld at the game time continued his war against the Jesuits, 

 and wrote the greater part of the work styled ' Morale Pratique deg 

 Jesuites,' 8 vols. 12mo, in which many authentic facts and documents 

 are mixed up with party bitterness and exaggeration. That powerful 

 aud ambitious society did not bear this patiently, and they represented 

 Arnauld as a ilangerous man. Harlay, the archbishop of Paris, assisted 

 in prejudicing the king against Arnauld, and Louis XIV. issued an 

 order for his arrest. Arnauld concealed himself for some time at the 

 bouse of the Duchess of Longueville, who esteemed him and appre- 

 ciated his talents; but in 1679 he repaired to Brussels, where the 

 Marquis of Qrana, the Spanish governor of the Low Countries, assured 

 Mm of his protection. There he published in 1681 his 'Apologie 

 pour les Catholiques,' which is a defence of the English Catholics 

 against the charges of Titus Oates's conspiracy. In this work he 

 undertook the defence of bis old antagonists the Jesuitx, whom he 

 considered as having been calumniated in those transactions. Another 

 work, not so creditable to Arnauld's judgment, is one against the Prince 

 of Orange, William HI. of England, whom he styled a new Absalom, 

 a new Herod, and a new Cromwell (8vo, 1689). It was published 

 anonymously, like most of Aruauld's works, and many persons did 

 not believe it to be his ; but it seems now ascertained that he wag the 

 author. 



From his retirement at Brussels, Arnauld made several excursions 

 into Holland. His reputation had spread everywhere, and he was 

 kindly received. About this time he entered into a controversy with 

 his old friend Father Mallebranche, who, in his metaphysical works, 

 had announced gome peculiar doctrines on the subject of grace, pre- 

 destination, and other theological problems. In refutation of Malle- 

 branche's opinions, Aruauld wrote his ' Traite des Vraies et deg Fausgeg 

 IdeVs,' Cologne, 1683; and afterwards, ' Reflexions Philosophiques et 

 Theologiques sur le Nouveau Systeme de la Nature et de la Grace du 

 Pere Mallebranche,' 1685 ; besides nine letters addressed to the Father 

 on the game subject. He continued to the last, although past 80 years 

 of age, to carry on his various controversies with the Jesuits, with 

 Mallebranche, with the Calvinists, and with the sceptic philosophers, 

 among whom was Bayle. His last work was ' Reflexions sur 1'Elo- 

 quence des Prddicateurs,' 1694. He died in his exile at Brussels, on 

 tlie 8th of August of that year, after receiving the sacrament from the 

 curate of hi* parish. His works, which filled more than 100 volumes 

 of various sixes, were collected and published at Lausanne aud at Paris, 

 in 50 volumes, 4to, 1775-83. The last volume contains the author's 

 biography. Arnanld was one of the most learned men of his age, a 

 sincere but enlightened Catholic, pious without superstition or hypo- 

 crisy, exemplary in his conduct, and disinterested and simple in his 

 habits and manners. His brother, Henri Arnauld, bishop of Angers 

 where he died in 1694, at the age of 95 bore the character of a most 

 benevolent and diligent pastor. Another and an elder brother, Robert 

 Arnauld d'Andilly, filled several offices at the French court, but at the 

 age of 55 retired to Port Royal, where be died in 1674. He wrote 

 several religious works. Robert's son, Simon Arnauld, marquis of Pom- 

 pone, was employed in several diplomatic missions under Louis XIV., 

 aud was made Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in 1672. He died 

 in 1699. 



ARND, JOHN, was born December 2, 1555, at Ballenstadt, at the 

 foot of the Harz Mountains. He first studied medicine, but afterwards 

 applied himself to theology, and became a clergyman of the Lutheran 

 Church. Being grieved at the relaxed state of morals among the 

 Protestants of Germany, he wrote a book ' On True Christianity,' with 

 the object of giving the study of religion a practical influence on the 

 moral conduct of its followers. This work, first published in German, 

 has been translated into several languages, and has been highly praised 

 by Mosheim, Professor Frank of Halle, Dr. Spener, and other distin- 

 guished divines. John Wesley, in his ' Christian Library,' gives a co- 

 pious extract from it. It has been called the Protestant a Kempis. An 

 English translation was published in 1815 by William Jaques ' True 

 < hriitianity, or the whole Economy of God towards Man, and the 

 whole Duty of Man towards God,' 2 vols., 8vo, London. Arnd was 

 minister at Quedlinburg, and afterwards at Brunswick. In the latter 

 place, his success as a preacher made him enemies, and he was obliged 

 to leave the town and to withdraw to the village of Isleb, where he 

 remained for some years. In 1611, George, duke of Lunenburg, pre- 

 sented him to the church of Zell, and afterwards appointed him 

 general superintendent of all the churches of the duchy. Arnd died 

 at Zell in 1621. He must not be confounded with Josiah Arndt, also 

 a Lutheran clergyman, born in 1626, who was a professor at Rostock, 

 and who published several works on philosophy, divinity, and history; 



among others, ' Lexicon Antiquitatum Ecclesiasticarum,' 4to, Qriefs- 

 wald, 1669. He died in 1685. 



*ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ, a distinguished German political 

 writer, was born at Schoritz, in the Isle of Riigen, December 26, 1769. 

 Here in the old-fashioned house of his father, who waa steward to the 

 lord of the manor, the boy was trained in the austere mode then not 

 unusual in many of the more retired parts of Germany. After passing 

 through the gymnasium of Strasbund, he entered as a student of 

 theology and philosophy at Griefswald, and proceeded thence to the 

 university of Jena. On the completion of his collegiate studies he 

 adopted the ecclesiastical calling ; and then travelled during a year 

 and a half through Sweden, Austria, Hungary, France, and Italy. It 

 was in accounts of his observations made during these journeys, and 

 published at intervals from 1797 to 1804, that Arudt first appeared 

 before the world as an author. In 1806 he was appointed a professor- 

 extraordinary at Griefswald, where he had already delivered historical 

 lectures. Here he wrote a history of the system of serfage which 

 then prevailed in Pomerania and RUgen (' Geschichte der Leibeigen- 

 schaft in Pommern und Riigen '), in which he sternly denounced the 

 excessive privileges of the nobles in those provinces. His next work 

 was however of a far bolder character, and at once placed him high 

 among the literary leaders of the young Germans who were burning 

 with indignation at the state of thraldom into which Napoleon I. was 

 fast reducing their country. It was entitled the ' Spirit of the Time ' 

 (' Geist der Zeit '), and appeared originally iu 1806 in a single volume, 

 but was subsequently expanded into four volumes (Berlin, 1813-18). 

 The freedom with which he in this work spoke of Napoleon, and 

 that at a time when most of the literary men of Germany had been 

 reduced to silence, and the fervour of his appeals to German patriotism, 

 produced a great effect in Germany, and gave so much offence to the 

 French emperor that Arndt found it necessary to seek refuge in Stock- 

 holm. Here his anti-gallican zeal soon after involved him in a quarrel 

 with a Swedish officer, the result of which was a duel, in which Arudt 

 was severely wounded. 



He soon after returned under an assumed name to Germany, and 

 became one of the most active and successful literary members of that 

 patriotic organisation of which Baron von Stein was the head, and 

 which had for its object the uniting of the German people in a common 

 league for the deliverance of Germany from the foreign yoke. To 

 arouse the national feeling, Arndt wrote a large number of singu- 

 larly spirited songs and short poems, pamphlets, &c., which had 

 almost unbounded popularity, being circulated throughout Germany, 

 and everywhere read with the greatest avidity. Among the most 

 popular were, his famous song ' Was 1st der Deutschen Vaterland ?,' 

 his 'Der Rhein, Deutschlands Strom,' his 'Soldateu Katechisinus,' and 

 especially the pamphlet entitled ' Ueber Lamhve.hr und Landsturm, 

 which he wrote in support of Stein's project for a general levy. After 

 the peace, Arndt edited, at Cologne (1815-16), a journal called 'The 

 Watchman" ('Der Wiichter'). In 1818 he was appointed by the 

 king of Prussia Professor of Modern History iu the University of 

 Bonn ; but he held that office for little more than a year, having in 

 1819 fallen under the suspicions of the police, and been subjected to 

 several domiciliary visits, examinations, &c., with a view to implicate 

 him in the charge of democratic conspiracy. It was found impossible 

 to sustain a legal accusation against Arndt; but he had inveighed 

 with his usual plainness of speech against the breach of the royal 

 promise to grant constitutional reforms, and he was suspended from 

 his professorship ; but, in consequence perhaps of his protests against 

 the legality of the proceedings, he was suffered to retain his salary 

 It was not until twenty years had passed that the tardy justice was 

 done of restoring him to his professorial chair-, with permission to 

 resume lecturing. These twenty years had been spent in studious 

 retirement ; and among other fruits of his industry had appeared his 

 ' Nebenstunden, eine Beschreibung und Geschichte der Schottland, 

 Inseln, und der Orkaden" (Leipzig, 1820); 'Christliches und Turkisches' 

 (Stutg., 1828) ; ' Die Frage iiber die Niederlande, 1831, Belgien, und was 

 daran hangt' (Leipzig, 1834); ' Schwedische Geschichteu unter Gus- 

 tav III. und Guatav IV.' (Leipzig, 1839); and his 'Miihrchen und 

 Jugenderinnerungen.' 



After the revolution of 1848, the aged patriot was called once again 

 to take an active part in public affairs, having been elected a member 

 of the National Assembly at Frankfurt ; but he withdrew from the 

 Assembly with the rest of the Constitutional party represented by 

 De Gagern. In 1851 he published at Leipzig a pamphlet entitled 

 ' Anklage einer Majestiitsbeleidigung des grosseu dauischen Volkes aus 

 dem Jahre 1845.' A characteristic idea of the genius, principles, and 

 labours of Arndt may be obtained from the ' Eriunerungen aus detn 

 auszeru Leben ' (Leipzig, 1840); and a biographical sketch of his life, 

 with considerable selections from his prose and poetry, forms 

 volume 32 of the ' Moderue Klassiker : Deutsche Literaturgeschichte 

 der neuren Zeit,' published by Ernst Balde, at Cassel : this volume is 

 entitled ' Ernst Morftz Arudt : Eine Biographie, von W. Neumann.' 



ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE, Doctor in Music, born in 1710, 

 was the son of an upholsterer in King-street, Coveut Garden, and 

 educated at Eton, having been intended for the profession of the law ; 

 but bis bias towards music was strong, and finally prevailed. He 

 secretly practised on the spinnet, aud took lessons of Michael Festing, 

 au eminent person iu his day, on the violin, and the first intimation 



