1 



ARNOBIUS. 



ARNOLD, JOHN. 



his father had of his musical proarese was at an amateur party, in 

 which young Arne was discovered playing the first fiddle most skil- 

 fully. His lather now supplied him with the means of continuing 

 hie favourite pursuit in an advantageous manner. He soon imbued 

 hi* sister with a love of the vocal art, and qualified her to appear in 

 Lampe's opera, 'Amelia,' in which her debut was of ao promising a 

 kind, that her brother, though then only eighteen years of age, set for 

 her Addiaon's ' Rosamond,' in which she represented the heroine, and 

 shortly after became the celebrated Mrs. Cibber. In 1738 Arne pro- 

 duced his 'Cotnus,' which established his reputation. In 1740 he 

 married Mis* Cecilia Young, a pupil of Geminiani, and a performer of 

 emJoroo*. In 1742 he went with her into Ireland, where both were 

 engaged by the Dublin manager, the one to sing, the other to compose. 

 In 1745 ho acceded to the request of the proprietor of Vauxhall, who 

 thus added Mrs. Arne to the list of bis vocal performers, ber husband 

 at the same time becoming his principal composer. Subsequently, he 

 wrote hi* two oratorios, 'Abel' and 'Judith,' after which the Uni- 

 versity of Oxford conferred on him the degree of Doctor in Music. 

 His greatest work, or that which has most contributed to his fame, 

 'Artaxerxea,' was composed in 1762, in imitation of the Italian 

 opera, and to prove the Kuglish language not so repugnant to recita- 

 tive as many bad imagined. The attempt was bold, but triumphant ; 

 the decided approbation which crowned the composer's labours, and 

 the judgment pronounced on it by posterity, prove beyond dispute its 

 many and great merit*. The drama is a translation, by Arne himself, 

 of Metastasiu's 'Artaserse.' Dr. Arne also produced, in 1765, on 

 entire Italian opera at the King's Theatre, Metastasio's ' Olimpiade.' 

 The production entitled ' Love in a Village,' is a ' pasticcio,' or com- 

 pilation from various composers, but many pieces in this still pleasing 

 ballad-opera are by Arne, and among these ' Gentle youth, ah ! tell 

 me why ? ' can never become antiquated. Warren's collection of 

 canons, glees, Ac., contains several of Arne's compositions, of which 

 4 Come, shepherds, we'll follow the hearse,' in Cunningham's elegy on 

 the death of Shenstone, must charm as long as vocal harmony retains 

 the power to please. His song and chorus, ' When Britain first at 

 heaven's command,' or ' Rule Britannia,' need hardly be mentioned as 

 the offspring of bis genius ; it may be said to have wafted his name 

 over the greater half of the habitable world. Dr. Arne died in March, 

 1778, and was buried in St Paul's Church, Covt-nt Garden. 



ARNO'BIUS, according to Hieronymus (' De Viris Illustribus,' c. 

 79), was a rhetorician and afterwards a presbyter of Sikka in Numidia, 

 in the reign of the Emperor Diocletian. His work 'De Rhetorics 

 Institutions ' is not extant Lactantiux, the Cicero of the Fathers, 

 waa the most distinguished disciple of Arnobius, the Varro of the 

 ecclesiastical writers. Arnobius was as much superior in genius to thU 

 pupil as be was surpassed by Lactantius in elegance of diction. 

 Hieronymus informs us, in bis ' Chronicle,' that Arnobiua was in the 

 habit of attacking Christianity, until he hod some remarkably impres- 

 sive dreams, which induced him to wait upon the Bishop of Sikka, 

 who, however, did not trust him, knowing his former enmity to the 

 gospel. Arnobius wrote his seven books of ' Disputations against the 

 Heathen ' in order to convince the bishop that he was really converted. 

 In the ' Disputations ' Arnobius shows a thorough acquaintance with 

 the literature of bis age, and thus describes (Lie. 39) his change : 

 " Oh, blindness ! A snort time ago I worshipped images coming out 

 from the furnace, and gods made with the hammer on the anvil 

 When I saw a smooth and anointed stone I spoke to it as to a living 

 power, and prayed to the senseless stone for benefits ; and thus unwit- 

 tingly blaiphemed even the false gods, by taking them for stocks, 

 atone*, and bones, or fancying that they inhabited such things. Now, 

 I know what all those things are, since I am led by a great teacher 

 into the ways of truth." It appears that Arnobius came to a know- 

 ledge of the truth by carefully reading the New Testament, especially 

 the Go* pels. 



In his 'Disputations' he also refutes that accusation which had 

 excited the Diocletian persecution, namely, that the public calamities 

 of the empire were a consequence of the spread of the Gospel, which 

 caused a general neglect of the gods. Arnobius replies to this accu- 

 sation : - If men, instead of relying upon their prudence, and follow- 

 ng their own propensities, would try to obey the doctrines of Christ, 

 which bring peace and salvation, the whole world would be soon 

 changed, and the iron taken from the service of war would be 

 employed in the works of peace." (L iv. c. 36.) 



Only on* manuscript codex of Arnobius is known to exist; this is 

 now at Paris. The first edition of the 'Disputations' of Aruobius is 

 that by Faustus Habaras, Rome, 1642, foL The editor has subjoined 

 the 'Octavius' of Minutius Felix as an eighth book, mistaking Octa- 

 viu' for OcUvua, Numerous editions have since been published at 

 Basle, at Paris, at Antwerp, at Rome, at Geneva, 1697, and elsewhere. 

 The best edition of Arnobius is that published by Conrad Orelli, 

 Leipcig, 1810, in two volumes, 8vo. The Disputations ' of Arnobius 

 were translated into Dutch by Joachim Oudaer, Harling, 1677, 8vo. 



The works of the Semi-Pelagian Arnobius of Gsul have sometime* 

 been erroneously ascribed to Arnobius Afer. Arnobius of Gaul wrote, 

 about A.D. 40, a commentary on the Psalms, edited with a preface by 

 at Basle, 1637; at Para, 1539 ; at Basle, 1560. The 'Anno- 



Erasmus, 



*Htiss in Locos Evangelutanim 



wars printed with the preceding. 



recognition* Andrea) Schotti' 

 He wrote also the following : 



' Conflict vu cum Serapione, do Deo trino et uno; de Duobus Sub- 

 stantiis in Uuitate Persona) et de Concordia Gratia) et Liberi Arbitrii, 

 cum Notis Feuardeotii, CoL Agrippinaj,' 1 59<J. 



ARNOLD, BENEDICT, was born in Connecticut in North America, 

 of parents in very humble life. Having been unsuccessful in business 

 as a horse-dealer, when the revolutionary war broke out be took up 

 arms, threw himself into the contest with great ardour, and raised a 

 company of volunteers at Newhavcn, in his native state. His activity, 

 boldness, snd nkill, soon brought him into notice ; and when in the 

 summer of 1775 it bad been determined to attempt the capture of 

 Quebec, he and General Montgomery were fixed upon by Washington 

 to conduct the expedition. The march of Arnold acrou a then un- 

 known and pathless region at the close of the year, is one of the 

 boldest military exploits on record. The troopi, consisting of about 

 1100 men, set out about the middle of September from Boston for 

 Newbury Port, at the mouth of the Merrimack ; from which point 

 they were conveyed by water to the mouth of the Kennebcck in New 

 Hampshire, a distance of 40 leagues. On the 22nd they embarked in 

 200 boats on the Kennebeck at Gardener's Town, and made their 

 way up the river in the face of great difficulties. After reaching the 

 head of the river, they had to pass the mountainous ridge which now 

 divides the territory of the United States from Canada. After cros- 

 sing these desolate heights they reached the river Chaudiurc, down 

 which they proceeded to the St. Lawrence, into which it falls. When 

 they at length reached a house, on the 3rd of November, they bad 

 been thirty-one days without the sight of a human habitation. 



Arnold distinguished himself greatly in the military operations that 

 followed ; and was severely wounded in the leg in the unsuccessful 

 assault upon Quebec on the 31st of December, in which General 

 Montgomery fell On his return from this enterprise he continued in 

 active service. In one of the actions which immediately preceded the 

 surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga on the 10th of October, 

 1777, he was again wounded ; and being thence unable for some time 

 to take the field, he was appointed by Washington to take the com- 

 mand of Philadelphia, which the English had evacuated. In this 

 situation he was guilty of such acts of rapacity and oppression, in 

 order to support the ostentation and luxury in which he indulged, 

 that he was brought to trial by a court-martial, and on the 20th of 

 January 1779 was sentenced to be reprimanded by the commander- 

 in-chief. On this dishonour Arnold threw up his commission. The 

 embarrassment of his affairs however was so great, and the demands 

 of his creditors became go pressing, that he soon found it necessary to 

 attempt something to repair his broken fortunes. He resolved to 

 make an offer to the British General, Sir Henry Clinton, of his services 

 in betraying his country and the cause for which he had hitherto 

 fought, and bU proposals were accepted. It was arranged that he was 

 to obtain the command of the important fort of West Point on the 

 Hudson, and then deliver it up to the enemy. He attained the com- 

 mand in July 1780, by affecting a zealous patriotism, Washington 

 generously forgetting his furmrr delinquencies. We refer to the 

 article ANDRE, for an account of the manner in which this treasonable 

 scheme miscarried. Major Andre", the officer intrusted by Clinton 

 with the active management of the negociation with Arnold, was sent 

 up the Hudson in a sloop of war from New York, the bead-quarters of 

 the army, and had an interview with the American general on the 

 bank of the river, near West Point, on the morning of Friday the 

 22ud of September. The next day, on his return to New York by 

 land, Andre 1 was taken by two Americans when he had nearly reached 

 the British lines, and the plot was detected by the discovery in his 

 boots of the plans and other papers which he had received from 

 Arnold. AudnS found means to convey an intimation of his capture 

 to Arnold, by whom it was received on the morning of the 25th, just 

 in time to permit him to make his escape. Taking a hurried leave of 

 his wife and infant child, he instantly rushed to the river, and leaping 

 on board a barge which he had in readiness, he ordered himself to be 

 rowed to the Kngli.-h sloop, which he reached in safety. He was 

 allowed to retain in the British army the rank of brigadier-general, 

 which he had held in that of the United States. In the beginning of 

 the following year he was sent with on expedition into Virginia, where 

 he committed great devastation. After this he made a still more 

 destructive incursion into Connecticut, his native state. He served 

 afterwards in Nova Scotia, and also in the West Indies, where he was 

 taken prisoner by the French, from whom however he made his 

 escape. After the conclusion of the war be took up hi* residence in 

 England. In July 1792 a duel was fought near Kilbum W.-IU, 

 between General Arnol I and the late Earl of Lauderdale, in conse- 

 quence of cerUin expressions which the Utter had used at a public 

 meeting, and would not retract Arnold was attended by Lord 

 Hawke, and Lord Lauderdale by Mr. Kox. His lordship declined to 

 return his adversary's fire, but said, that if he was not satisfied he 

 might fire on till he was. On this the parties separated. Arnold died 

 in London, in 1801. 



ARNOLD, JOHN, one of the greatest Improvers of the marine 

 chronometer, was born at Bodmin in Cornwall, in the year 1744. He 

 was apprenticed to his father, who was a watchmaker in Bodmin : but, 

 having quarrelled with him, he went to Holland, where, being found 

 in very destitute circumstances by a person who took pity on him, 

 and interested himself in bis behalf, he obtained employment fur 



