317 



AROMATARI, JOSEPH OF. 



ARRIANUS, FLAVIUS. 



368 



were promulgated by Sir David Barry, and others, on the circulation 

 of the blood, irreconcilable with the laws of hydraulics. Dr. Arnott's 

 opinion was requested by Dr. Armstrong, then Lecturer of Medicine 

 at the Borough hospitals, and by others of his professional brethren. 

 He was induced by these circumstances to deliver a course of lectures 

 on Natural Philosophy in its application to medicine. In the year 

 following he was requested to repeat these lectures; but not having 

 the time to spare, he published in 1827 the substance of bis course 

 with additions under the title of ' Elements of Physics, or Natural 

 Philosophy, General and Medical, explained in plaiu, or non-technical 

 Language.' Of this work five editions, amounting to 10,000 copies 

 were called for within six years, and the work was translated into all 

 the European languages except Italian. The author published origin- 

 ally only the first half-volume; and he had become so occupied 

 professionally that the chapters on Light and Heat were ready only 

 with the third edition, and the two remaining chapters on Electricity 

 and Astronomy had to wait until still further leisure. Although the 

 profit waa tempting, and the copies of the extant editions when met 

 with were selling for more than the original price, the author did not < 

 choose to repubfish the work until he could complete it, and add the 

 account of various new appliances to physical means for attaining 

 professional objects which had occurred to him during his studies and 

 practice such as, for instance, the water-bed, or floating mattress, 

 which in cases of patients confined to bed has been used with such 

 happy results. 



In 1838, however, seeing that a large part of the art of guarding the 

 public health, or preventing disease, depended on the right manage- 

 ment of the great physical influences, among which temperature and 

 purity of air are the chief, he attempted to awaken public attention to 

 these, and the prevalent misconceptions regarding them, in a short 

 ' Essay on Warming and Ventilating,' in which new means of avoiding 

 some common evilr were described. Considerable progress has since 

 been made in this kind of knowledge ; but the history of late attempts 

 to warm and ventilate the Houses of Parliament, shows how little 

 opinions are yet settled on the subject. 



For the inventions and novel applications of Dr. Arnott above 

 referred to, and further modifications of these of which the smokeless 

 fire is one the Council of the Royal Society awarded to him in 1854 

 their Rumford Medal ; and for these and other novelties bearing on 

 the treatment of disease, and the preservation of the public health, 

 for medicine, surgery, and hygiene, the Jurors of the Class of the 

 Universal Exposition of Paris in 1855, swarded to him the great Gold 

 Medal, which was accompanied by the Cross of the Legion of Honour 

 given by the Emperor. 



In 1835 Dr. Arnott was placed by the Government among the 

 members of the Senate of the University of London then created. In 

 1837 he was named one of the Physicians Extraordinary to the 

 Queen. In 1838 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and 

 has twice been member of the Council. In 1851 he was requested by 

 the President of the General Board of Health to be one of his Medical 

 Council. He has now retired from the more active business of his 

 profession to complete his literary and scientific undertakings, and 

 it is understood that the sixth edition of his ' Elements of Physics,' 

 with the chapters on ' Electricity and Astronomy,' will soon appear. 



One of the most remarkable characteristics of Dr. Arnott is the 

 disinterestedness with which he has thrown open his inventions for 

 the general benefit of mankind. In the case of the water-bed it 

 could scarcely have been otherwise, with one of such practical benevo- 

 lence. It was invented by Dr. Arnott upon a sudden emergency; and 

 it aved the life of the patient who was first placed upon it, as it has 

 raved many other lives. But if the ' Arnott Stove ' and the ' Arnott 

 Ventilator ' had been patented, the inventor would have realised a 

 large fortune by their almost universal use. He judged otherwise; 

 and he haa had something higher than a money-reward. A particular 

 notice of Dr. Arnott's contrivances for health and domestic comfort, 

 will be given in the division of ARTS AND SCIENCES. 



AROMATARI, JOSEPH OF, a learned physician and naturalist, 

 was born about 1586 at Assiai, a town of the duchy of Spoleto, in 

 the Papal states. His father was a physician, and carefully trained his 

 son for the same profession. His studies were begun at Perugia, and 

 continued at Padua, where he studied successively logic, philosophy, 

 and medicine. He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine in his 

 eighteenth year, and immediately afterwards established himself as a 

 physician at Venice, where, notwithstanding the most tempting offers 

 and solicitations made to him by the Duke of Mantua, the King of 

 England, and Pope Urban VIII., he continued to practise until his 

 death, July 16, 1660. 



During this long period he devoted himself to his profession, to the 

 study of the mode of generation or reproduction of plants and 

 animals, and to literature. He accumulated an immense library, ' 

 extremely rich in manuscripts. His beat known publication connected 

 with polite literature was, ' Riposte alle Conaiderazion di Alessandro 

 Tamoui sopra le Rime del I'etrarca,' Padua, 1611, 8vo. To which 

 Tanoni having replied under the assumed name of Crescenzio Pepe, 

 Aromatari answered under a fictitious name, in the following work : 

 'Dialoghi di Falcidio Melampodio in riposta agli Avvertimenti dati 

 sotto nome di Crescenzio Pepe a Giuseppe degli Aromatari,' Venice, 

 1613, 8vo. He also under the pseudonym of Subasiano edited a col- 



lection of the works of several authors, in 8 vols., 4to, Venice, 1643, 

 entitled, ' Raccolta degli Autori del ben parlari.' His contributions 

 to medicine and natural history consist in ' Disputatio de Rabie Con- 

 tagiosa, cui prseposita est Epistola de Generatione Plantarum ex 

 Seminibus,' Venice, 1625; and Frankfurt, 1626, 4to. The 'Epistle' 

 has been repeatedly reprinted ; it appears in the ' Philosophical 

 Transactions,' vol. xviii. p. 150, London, 1694. This ' Epistle,' addressed 

 to Dr. Bartholomew Nant, does not occupy more than three pages, 

 and gives only the outline, or heads of chapters, of a large work which 

 he intended to write on generation, but which his numerous profes- 

 sional engagements and delicate health prevented his accomplishing. 

 But it is remarkable inasmuch as the views, however imperfectly 

 developed, are far more in accordance with those of the most dis- 

 tinguished vegetable anatomists and physiologists in the present day, 

 than many of those generally entertained for a long period subsequent 

 to the time in which he lived. He taught that the so-called seeds of 

 plants were not, as a whole, the new plant, but the ova of plants, 

 and that a very small portion of a seed (the embryo) possesaed the 

 principle of life, the rest, which he called the milk of the seed, being 

 intended for the nourishment of this part. The development of this 

 embryo, he says, takes place in a twofold direction, a portion of it 

 ascending, and constituting the plumule, the other descending, and 

 constituting the radicle. His principles respecting the generation of 

 animals were adopted, and promulgated by Harvey in his treatise 

 'De Generatione.' His views respecting seeds appear to have been 

 overlooked, except by a very few. 



ARPAD, the founder of the kingdom of Hungary, succeeded his 

 father Alom, a chief of the Magyars ; according to some writers in 

 A.D. 889, according to others in 892. It was about the former year, 

 according to Mailath, that the Magyars, a wandering warrior tribe, 

 crossing the Carpathian Mountains from Galicia, first entered the 

 country, which they subsequently conquered, and which their descend- 

 ants have since retained. The country they entered was then subject 

 to many princes, mostly of Slavonic origin. Arpad sent an embassy 

 to one of them, named Zalan, offered him twelve white horses as a 

 present, and demanded in return all the land from his camp to the 

 river Sajo, which Zalan, unprepared for resistance, durst not refuse. 

 Gelo, prince of Transylvania, who returned defiance, was defeated and 

 slain, and Transylvania became subject to the Magyars. The emperor 

 Arnulf, instead of endeavouring to check the advance of the invaders, 

 invited their assistance against his Slavonic euemy, Zwentibold, prince 

 of the Marahans. The Magyars readily accepted the offer, and on their 

 march totally defeated Zalau, who, having collected an army, attacked 

 them at Alpar, in the hope of recovering his rash concession. They were 

 equally succesful against Zobor, the commander of Zwentibold's army, 

 whom, after their victory, they hung. The whole country between 

 the Theiss and the Danube was now in their power, but their career 

 of conquest was not yet finished ; Glado, another Slavonic prince, was 

 vanquished, and his country taken possession of. Maroth, who suc- 

 ceeded in repulsing them on their first onset, fled on their second 

 approach, and sent large presents, offering his daughter as the wife of 

 Zoltan, Arpad's infant son. By the acceptance of this proposal his 

 dominions fell as effectually under the Magyar power as if they had 

 been taken by the strong hand. Arpad fixed his residence in an 

 island of the Danube, called Tsepel, from which he thenceforward 

 governed all Hungary. Some of his chieftains afterwards pressed 

 onward into Italy and besieged Venice, but were repulsed ; others 

 broke into Bavaria, where they plundered without check, but were 

 afterwards defeated by the margrave Luitpold. Arpad died in the 

 year 907, leaving for his successor his son Zoltan, then a boy of thirteen. 

 The line of Arpad continued to occupy the throne of Hungary till 

 the death of King Andrew III. in 1301. 



(Abridged from the Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the 

 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.) 



ARRHID.<EUS, a bastard son of Philip III. of Macedonia, who, on 

 the death of his half-brother Alexander (B.O. 323) was elected his 

 successor, under the name of Philip, by acclamation of the Mace- 

 donian troops (Diod. xviii. 2) and consent of Alexander's generals. 

 His title was strengthened by marrying Eurydice, grand-daughter of 

 Perdiccas, Philip's elder brother. Being of weak intellect, he was a 

 mere tool in the hands of others ; and at length, falling into the 

 hands of Olympias, was, with his wife Eurydice, put to death (B.O. 

 317). [ANTIQONCS ; ANTIPATER ; PERDICCAS.] 



ARRIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS, a native of Nicomedia in Bithynia, was 

 born towards the end of the first century after Christ ; he probably 

 assumed the name of Flavius Arrianus when he acquired the rights of 

 a Roman citizen. He was governor of Cappadocia in the twentieth 

 year of Hadrian, or A.D. 136. Arrian was a pupil of Kpictetus pro- 

 bably during that philosopher's residence at Nicopolis. Epictetus, 

 with other professors of philosophy, had been banished from Rome in 

 the reign of Domitian, A.D. 89, and it does not appear that he ever 

 returned there. Arfian first made himself known by publishing the 

 doctrines of his master Epictetus; and to the reputation which he 

 thus acquired, assisted probably by the friendship of the Emperor 

 Hadrian, who had been on intimate terms with Epictetus, he owed 

 his future promotion. He first obtained as a reward the Athenian 

 citizenship, subsequently that of Rome with the rank of senator. 

 According to Heliconius, who is cited by Suidas and Photius, he 



