ARRIANUS, FLAVH'S. 



AHRIAZA, JOAK BAUTISTA. 



attained the consulship, but hi* name does Dot appear in the Faiti 

 Coneularea. In A.U. 137, Cappadocia warn disturbed by a native chief, 

 Pharaameoes, whom Dion Cassius (Uiz. 16, Reima/i ed.) call, the 

 Uaar of the Albani ; but the disturbance ww clucked by few of the 

 Human governor. 



HfnH.i? died in A.D. 138, and we bear DO more of Arrian in publie 

 life. He may hare retired to hU native city, where ho held the priest- 

 hood of Demetar and Persephone a poet of honour, and probably of 

 profit also. It wu in the latter part of his life that he wrote thoee 

 numeroui work*, tome of which hare come down to our time, and 

 have preferred hi* name and reputation. He lired to an adrmneed 

 age. but the date of hi* death U unknown. The following are the 

 extant works of Arrian : 1. The History of Alexander's Conquest*, 

 entitled ' The Anabasis, or Ascent of Alexander,' that it, into Asia, in 

 a*Ten books, is a work of great merit, and if riewed with reference to 

 the importance of the subject, and the want of other trustworthy 

 authorities, one of the most valuable histories that are extant. Tho 

 contemporary historians of Alexander are lost, but Arrian's ' Anabasis' 

 supplies their place. It begins with the death of King Philip, B.C. 336, 

 and contains the evenU of Alexander's life from that date to the death 

 of Alexandir at Babylon, ac. 323. The narrative of Arrian is simple 

 and concise, without any affectation of rhetorical ornament; the 

 military operation* are clearly described ; and a tone of good sense 

 and moderation pervades the book. Alexander, his hero, is a favourite 

 with him, and his faults are gently touched, but they are not concealed. 

 Our prrscnt knowledge of Asia, and more particularly of the basin of 

 the Indus, enables us to teat the accuracy of Arrian as a geographer, 

 and in this important requisite of an historian he is not deficient. 

 Some critic* are of opinion that Arrian wag a young man when he 

 wrote this work; but this is very improbable, as well from the 

 character of the work as the account which he gives in it of himself 

 sad of his previous employments. The first edition of the Greek 

 text of the 'Anabasis' was by V. Trincavelli, 1535, 8vo, Venice. The 

 moat recent editions are by J. E. EUendt, Konigsberg, 1832, 2 vols. 

 8vo; and C. W. Kruger, Berlin, 1835, 1 voL 8vo, which contains the 

 text and the various readings. There are Oeroian, French, and Italian 

 versions of the 'Anabasis.' It was translated into English by John 

 Rooke, London, 1729, 2 vols. 8ro. 2. The little work entitled ' Indica' 

 contains a sketch of India, of the inhabitants, their habits, and the 

 animals and products of the country, founded on the authority of 

 Eratosthenes and Megasthenea. It also contains an abridgment or 

 Journal of the Voyage of Nearchus (a 20, ia), who was appointed 

 by Alexander to conduct his fleet from the Delta of the Indus to that 

 of the Kuphrate*. This work is written in the Ionic dialect. It may 

 be considered o> kind of Supplement to the 'Anabasis.' The 'Indica' 

 i* one of the most interesting monuments of antiquity ; as, with the 

 exception of the brief notices in Herodotus and the strange stories in 

 Cte*iaa, it contains the first authentic account of the nations of India, 

 and also the details of the first European navigation along that deso- 

 late ooast which lies between the Indus and the entrance of the Persian 

 Gulf. Tbe authenticity of the Journal of Nearcbus has been estab- 

 lished by V lucent, in 'The Voyage of Nearchus,' London, 1807. The 

 more exact acquaintance which we have obtained in recent times with 

 the coast along which the fleet of Nearcbus sailed, ha* established the 

 veracity of the Journal, i:i a way which will satisfy the most sceptical 

 critic. An edition of the ' Indica' by Schnieder, in 8vo, appeared at 

 Halle in 1798. The best modern editions of the ' Indica' are those by 

 Klltn.lt and Kruger. 3. 'The Periplua of the Euxine Sea' contains a 

 brief account of Arrian's coasting voyage along the Black Sea from 

 Trapmos (Trebixond) to Dioscuri**, then called Sebastopolia, Tbe 

 rest of the Periplus to Byxantium is not founded on Arrian's personal 

 knowledge, but on other authorities, as is apparent from the work. 

 It i printed in Hudson's 'Minor Geographer*,' fee., vol. L, with Dod- 

 well's Dissertation ' De Aetate Peripli Man* Euxini.' There is an 



was published at London, 1881, with notes, and embellishments from 

 the antique. Oellius (L 2) says that Arriau digested the discourses of 



nymous ' Periplus of the Euxine and Max>ti*,' which is not by 

 Arrian. (Dodwell, 'DisserUtio de Auctore Anonymo Peripli Kuiiui 

 Maria.') 4. Of the ' Alan Hi.tory ' the fragment entitled ' The Order 

 of Battle against the Alans' is probably a fragment. Photius mentions 

 an Alan History by Arrian ; and it la possible that the passage in I 'i..n 

 Oaejlna, already referred to, in which he speaks of Pbaraamanea, and 

 this fragment may refer to the same events. But the true reading 

 in the passage of Dion Casaini appears to be Albani,' and not ' Alani' 

 (Dion Casein*, Ixix. IS, ed Reimar, and the note) ; and perhaps this 

 work ought to be entitled 'Albanian Hutory.' This fragment was 

 first edited by 1. Sehefler, Upnal, 1644, 8vo; and it is contained in 

 Blancard's edition of Arrian's minor works, Amsterdam, 1983, 8vo. 

 6. The ' Discourse on Tactic' was written in the 20th yrar of Hadrian, 

 as the author tat in a paaeage of the ' Tactic.' What remains U 

 apparently only part of a large work ; it treats chiefly of the discipline 

 of the cavalry. It was first edited by J. Scheffer, Upsal, 1664, 8vo ; 

 and is printed in Blancard's collection. 0. The ' Discourse on Hunt- 

 ing' wa* written by Arrian in imitation of Xenophon'* treatise on the 

 same subject, and to *upp)y iU defects. The author says that he 

 " bean the same name (Xenophon), and belongs to the same city, and 

 from bin youth op baa been busied about the s.me thing* (as the elder 

 Xeoopbon). banting, icnpralship, and philosophy." The Greek text 

 was first ediUd by Lucas Holstenius, Homo and Paris, 1644, 4to, with 

 a La'iu vniun. There U an English version of the treatise, which 



attributes to him a work in twelve books ' On the Conversations of 

 Epictetus;' and Simplicius says that he wrote on the life and death 

 of Epictetus, but it is uncertain whether he means to say that this 

 was a separate work, or a part of one of the two works above 

 enumerated. The consideration of these works, and of the ' Manual 

 of Epictetus' belongs to the ' Life of Epictetus.' [Ericrrrcs.] 



Arrian was a voluminous writer. Besides his extant works he 

 wrote a work in seventeen books, entitled ' Parthiea,' on the wars of 

 the Romans under Trajan against the Parthian* : a history of the 

 events which followed the death of Alexander, in ten books, the lose 

 of which is much to be regretted, a* there are few good materials for 

 the history of this busy period. Photius has preserved a list of the 

 contents of this work ; the history of Timoleou's expedition against 

 Dionysios of Syracuse, and the history of Dion of Syracuse, and his 

 contest with the second Dionysius, are mentioned by Photius ; a history 

 of Bithynia, his native country, in eight books, from the mythical 

 times to the death of the but king, Nicomedea, who bequeathed his 

 kingdom to the Romans ; and the Life of Tilloborus, a distinguished 

 Asiatic robber. 



The ' Periplus of the Erythraean Sea' is printed in the first volume 

 of Hudson's ' Minor Greek Geographers,' with the dissertation of l>o.I- 

 well, 'De Aetate Peripli Maria Erythnei rjusdemque Auctor,'.' It 

 contains an account of the commerce which was carried on from the 

 Red Sea and the east coast of Africa to the peninsula of India, in the 

 first or second century of our era. The 'Periplus 'of the Erythraean 

 Sea' was first published by Froben at Basle, 1533, with a Preface by 

 the editor Gelenius. Whatever may be the authority for calling it the 

 ' Periplua of Arrian,' it can hardly be by Arrian of Nicomedia, The 

 author appears from the work to have been an Egyptian Greek, who 

 sailed from Egypt, as far at least as the Bay of Cambay. The 1 Vri- 

 plus of the Erythraean Sea' consists of two parts : one part compre- 

 hends the coast of Africa, from Myos Hormos on the Egyptian coast 

 of the Red Sea to Rhapta, and is elucidated in the first part of Dr. 

 Vincent's valuable work on the ' Periplux of the Erythrean Sea, con- 

 taining an account of the Navigation of the Ancients from the Sea. of 

 Suez to the coast of Zanguebar,' London, 1807, 4to. The second part 

 also begins at Myos Hormos and follows the Arabian coast of the 

 Red Sea and the ocean, and then, passing to Quzerat, follows the 

 Malabar coast to Ceylon. It is elucidated in the second part of Vin- 

 cent's work " containing an account of tho Navigation of the Ancients 

 from the Gulf of Elana in the Red Sea, to the Island of Ceylon." 

 Vincent is inclined to fix the date of the composition about the tenth 

 year of Nero's reign, and to place the alleged discovery of the Mon- 

 soons in the Indian Ocean by Hippalus, in the reign of Claii.lins. 

 This 'Periplus' is a valuable record of the commerce of the Indian 

 Ocean under the early Roman emperors. 



In the fragment on the Alan War, Arrian calls himself Xenophon. 

 Xenophon, the son of Gryllus, was the model that he proposed to 

 himself, and the parallel between the elder anil the younger Xeuophon 

 is curious. The son of Gryllus was an Athenian by birth ; the Xeno- 

 phon of Nicomedia was made a citizen of Athens. Xenophon recorded 

 in his ' Memorabilia ' the moral doctrines of his master Socrates ; 

 Arrian ha* preserred those of his teacher Epictetus. Xenophon gave 

 to hi* history of the expedition of the youneer Cyrus the titlo of the 

 Anabais ; Arrian gave the same name to his history of Alexander. 

 Xenophon wrote ' Hellenics,' or a general history of Grecian affaire, 

 beginning from the point where the history of Thucydides ends; 

 Arrian wrote a history of Alexander's successors. Xenophon and 

 Arrian were both fond of field-sports, and both wrote treatises on 

 bunting. If the parallel is not complete in all its parts, it is complete 

 enough to show that Arrian came as near to hi* model as he could. 

 He imitated the plain and simple style of Xenophon, and not unsuc - 

 crssfully. He had a good share of vanity, and was courtier enough to 

 know bow to forward hi* interests ; but' he was apparently an honest 

 man, and as an historian, geographer, and moral writer, he rank* among 

 the distinguished names of the Greeks, 



The complrte edition of Arrian'* works by Borheck, 3 vols. 8vo. 

 Lemgo, is of no value. The editions of the separate works are very 

 numerous. 



. ulged from the Ilingraphical Dictionary of the Society for the 

 Ihffunm of I'ttful Knowledge.) 



AKKIA'/A, JUAN BAUTISTA, one of the most noted modem 

 Spanish poets, was born at Madrid in 1770. After hi* first studies at 

 the seminary of nobles in that capital he entered the military college 

 at Segovia, and on quitting it began to serve in the navy ; but owing 

 to ad incurable defect of vision he was obliged to renounce that carver 

 in 1798, previous to which he had published a small volume of poems 

 entitled ' Las Primicias.' After quitting the navy he came to England 

 in quality of secretary to the Spanish embassy, and here completed 

 his ' Emilia,' a didactic poem, chiefly referring to the fine arts and 

 their influence (published at Madrid, 1803). After spending about 

 two years at Paris, he returned home in 1807, junt before the breaking 

 out of the revolution in Spain, when he took an active and prominent 



