361 



ARROWSMITH, AARON. 



ARSINOE". 



332 



part as a supporter of legitimate monarchy. He published his senti- 

 ments first in his ' Poesias Patrioticas,' wherein he abjured his country- 

 men to maintain their national independence ; and next in his prose 

 ' Discursos Politicos.' This zeal on behalf of monarchy and legitimacy 

 did not pass unrewarded by Ferdinand VII., who bestowed on him 

 various marks of favour, and among other appointments that of secre- 

 tary of council ; also a post in the ministry for foreign affairs. He 

 died at Madrid in 1837. 



As a poet, Arriaza ranks high among contemporary Spanish authors. 

 Six editions of his poems, exclusive of a Paris one, appeared in his life- 

 time. Independently of their political interest, to which undoubtedly 

 a large share of their popularity must be ascribed, they are remarkable 

 for felicity of style and beauty of versification. 



ARROWSMITH, AARON, was bom in Winston, Durham, on the 

 14th of July, 1750, and died on the 23rd of April, 1823. His father 

 dying while he was young, his mother married again, and the second 

 husband, a dissipated man, wasted the children's patrimony. Aaron 

 was thus early thrown on his own resources ; and the only instruction 

 he ever received, except in the mere elements of reading and writing, 

 was in mathematics, from the eccentric Emerson, who had ceased 

 teaching, but was so taken by the boy's anxiety to learn that he taught 

 him for a winter. Arrowsmith came to London about 1769 or 1770. 

 He soon obtained employment from Gary, for whose large county 

 maps he made most of the pedometer measurements and drawings. 

 Arrowsmith continued with Cary till near 1790, when he published 

 his large map of the world on Mercator's projection. He had by 

 miscellaneous reading, and by inquiries of naval officers and others, 

 accumulated a stock of materials that did not appear on any map, and 

 employed the hours he could save from his employer's task-work to 

 construct one of his own. When the map was ready he took a small 

 house in the neighbourhood of Leicester-square, and had it advertised 

 as published. For some time it hung upon his hands; but the captains 

 of whaling ships soon appreciated its value and freely purchased it ; and 

 the map, from the distinctness of its engraving and the great additional 

 information it contained, attracted general attention. From this period 

 his career was one of uniform progress and prosperity. In 1 794 he 

 published his great map of the world on a globular projection, with a 

 ' Companion ' of explanatory letter-press. This was followed in a short 

 time by his map of the northern regions of America. 



Arrowsmith's maps obtained a high reputation throughout Europe 

 for their distinctness, the result of good engraving and arrangement. 

 It has been the fashion of late to undervalue his acquirements as a 

 geographer; but though he is inferior to Berghaus, and some other 

 map-makers of the present day, he was superior to any one in Europe 

 at the time when he commenced his career. Those who depreciate 

 him owe great part of their own superior knowledge to the impulse 

 given to geography by the untiring assiduity of Arrowsmith in col- 

 lecting new information. He was not a profound mathematician or 

 man of science, but he had a complete understanding and mastery of 

 the theory and practice of his art, as is shown by his ' Companion to 

 a Map of the World,' published in 1794 ; his ' Memoir relative to the 

 Construction of the Map of Scotland,' published in 1807, which appeared 

 in 1809; and his 'Geometrical Projection of Maps,' published in 1825, 

 after his death. He lived in London, a city more than any other in 

 Europe favourable to the collection of geographical information, and 

 in the age of Dalrymple, Rennell, and other distinguished promoters 

 of geography, by whom he was appreciated and employed, and who 

 not only imparted their views to him, but freely communicated their 

 collections, while his European reputation as a constructor of maps 

 caused materials to flow in upon him from the travellers of every 

 country. His ' Memoir on the Map of Scotland,' published in 1807, 

 contains abundant proof of bis diligence in collecting information, and 

 of the modesty and good faith with which he sought the advice and 

 assistance of men eminent in science or letters. This map is the first 

 map of Scotland that in the slightest degree approximated to accuracy. 

 Arrowsmith's maps exceed one hundred and thirty. The school atlases 

 and skeleton maps for Eton College, and the manuals of geography, 

 ancient and modern, by Aaron Arrowsmith, are the works of his son. 



(Abridged from the Biographical Dictionary of the Society fur the 

 Dijfutian of Uirful Knowledge.) 



ARSA'CES, the founder of the great Parthian monarchy, and whose 

 name was borne by all his successors, who were thence called the 

 A macula;. His descent is doubtful, but he was probably a Scythian. 

 Justin speaks of him as being " of doubtful origin, but tried valour, 

 used to live by robbery ; who, in the belief that Seleucus (Callinicus) 

 was conquered by the Gauls in Asia, attacked Andragoras, the governor 

 of the Parthiane, and took possession of the empire of the nation." 

 (xli. 4.) According to Arrian (ap. Phot. ' Bibl.,' No. 58), a personal 

 and family quarrel led him to raise the standard of revolt from the 

 Syrian empire, n.c. 250, during the reign of Antiochus Theos, father 

 of Seleucua, who, busied with his Egyptian wars, neglected this new 

 source of disturbance until Arsaces had gathered a sufficient party to 

 resist him successfully. Seleucus Callinicus made two expeditions into 

 Parthia ; the first failed, and in the second he was defeated in a great 

 battle, taken prisoner, and died in captivity. The day of that defeat 

 was long observed by the Partliians as the commencement of their 

 independence. Arsaces reduced the neighbouring district of Hyrcania, 

 and died, according to Justin, in a ripe old age. 



Reverse. 

 British Museum. Silver. 



The small coin which we here give must rather be considered as a 

 specimen of the coinage of the dynasty than as one which can with 

 certainty be referred to any individual of the Arsacidte. Eckhel 

 (' Catalog. Mus. Csesar Vindob.,' &<x, i., p. 253) attributes this small 

 coin to Arsaces I. or Amaces II. ; Frolich assigns it to Arsaces I. 

 Visconti (' Iconographie Grecque ') assigns the large silver medal 

 (which is magnified to twice its linear measure) to Arsaces VII., and 

 the small one to Arsaces II. 



From Visconti. 



ARSF/NIUS, the son of Michael Apostolius, a Greek man of letters, 

 was born, probably in the island of Crete, towards the end of the 15th 

 century. Arsenius conformed to the Latin church, and became an 

 ecclesiastic. He lived in Rome in the pontificate of Leo X., r-ut 

 received no preferment from that pope. Under Paul III. he was made 

 archbishop of Malvasia, or Monembasia, a town on the eastern coast 

 of the Morea, not very far from the promontory of St. Angelo. He 

 published a collection of Apophthegms of remarkable men in Greek ; 

 the apophthegms were collected by his father, and Arsenius prefixed 

 to them a dedication in Greek to Leo X. He also published Scholia 

 on the first seven plays of Euripides, taken partly from Moschopulus, 

 La&caris, and Thomas Magister partly from earlier sources. Venet. 

 1534. This work was dedicated to his friend and patron Pope Paul III. 

 (Fabric., Bibl. dr., vol. i., p. 655-56; vol. x., p. 222 and 491, &c. ; 

 Crusius, Turko-Oraciee Libri Octo, 146-51 ; Chardon de la Rochette, 

 Melanye de Critique et de Philologie, v. i., 238 ; Bayle.) 



ARSI'NOfi, a daughter of Ptolemseus I., son of Lagus, king of Egypt, 

 and of Berenice, was born about B.C. 316 ; and was married about 

 B.C. 300 to Lysimachus, king of Thrace, then so far advanced in years 

 that his eldest son, Agathocles, had already espoused Lysandra, the half- 

 sister of Arsinoe. In order to marry Arsinoe, Lysimachus had separated 

 from his wife Amastris, and on her death a few years afterwards he 

 presented Arsinoe with the cities of Amastris, Ilium, and Heracleia. 

 Arsinoe desirous of securing the succession of her own children, 

 prevailed on Lysimachus to consent to the death of Agathocles. Lysi- 

 machus found himself involved in war with Seleucus in consequence 

 of this atrocious- proceeding. He was defeated and killed on the 

 borders of Cilicia, B.C. 281, and his kingdom of Macedonia was taken 

 possession of by Seleucus. Seven months afterwards Seleucus was 

 assassinated by Ptolemams Ceraunus, the elder brother of Ptolemseus 

 Philadelphus ; who also treacherously put to death the two children 

 of his half-sister, Arsinoe, after he had induced her under promise of 

 marriage to admit him into the city of Cassandria in Macedonia, o 



