ARTEDI, PETER. 



which the held possession. Aninoe succeeded in neaping to the 

 acred island of Samothnoe; whence she MOD after went to Alexandria 

 in Egypt, to beootua the noond wife of her brother, Ptoloouctu II. 

 Philadelphui. ThU -mi the firrt example of an unnatural custom 

 which prerailed among the Oreek king* of Egpyt, the origin of which 

 it is difficult to account for. Arsinoo, who was now adrancod in yean, 

 bore no children to her brother, but the wai much beloved by him, 

 and he called one of the districts of Egypt by her name. The architect 

 Dinochares wa employed by Ptolemeus to erect a temple to her 

 honour, and he intended it should be arched with loadstones, to that 

 her statue, made of iron, might have the appearance of being suspended 

 in the air. The death of the architect prevented its completion. We 

 thus find that the Mohammedans of Medina were not the first to 

 whom this strange idea had occurred. (Plin. xxxir. 14.) Strabo 

 (x. 480) attributes to this Aninoo the founding of a city called by her 

 own name on the banks of the Acheloua in .Ktolia. A statue of Arsiuoe 

 existed at Athens in the time of Pausanias (i. 8). The beautiful medal 

 of Aninoe, which we have given, with a cornucopia on the reverse, 

 confirms what Atheturas says (XL chap. 13), "that the kind of cup or 

 drinking vessel called Rnton was fint devised by Ptoleiuicus Pbila- 

 delphus as an ornament for the statues of Arainoe ; " but the word 

 rutou as applied to a kind of drinking cup is found much earlier. 



British Miueum. Gold. 



ARSI'NOE, daughter of Ptolema-us III. Euergetes, was married to 

 her brother, Ptolemicua IV. Philopator : she U called Eurydice by 

 Justin, and Cleopatra by I.ivy. She was present at the battle of 

 Kaphia, fought between her husband and Antiochus the Oreat, B.C. 217, 

 and i* said to have contributed not a little to gain the victory. [ ANTIO- 

 CHUS.J Itolemtoua afterwards, seduced by the charms of Agathoclea, 

 ordered Arainoe to be put to death somewhere about B.C. 210. (Justin, 

 xxx. 1 ; Polyb. xv. 33.) 



ARSI'NOE, a daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, was the 

 wife of Ploleniiuus Philadelphus, by whom she had three children, 

 Ptolenucus, Lysimachus, and Berenice. Suspecting that she was 

 plotting against his life, Ptolemams banished her to Coptog, or some 

 city of the Tbebaia. (Schol. Theocr. xviL 128.) Nielmhr and some 

 other authorities are of opinion that she escaped and fled to Cyrene, 

 where she was married to the king, Magas, who was the half-brother 

 of Ptolemieus Philadelphus. There is however great difficulty in 

 identifying Arsinoo the wife of Magas with the daughter of Lysimachus. 

 Magas, in order to put an end to the quarrel existing between 1'tole- 

 manis and himself, had betrothed his daughter Berenice to the son 

 of Ptolemwus ; but the death of Magas put an end to the negociations, 

 and Arainoe gave her in marriage to Demetrius, son of Demetrius 

 Poliorcstea, whom sho summoned from Macedonia for this purpose. 

 Demetrius, on his arrival, according to Justin, gave big affections 

 to Aninoe, iostsed of her daughter, which led to his assassination, and 

 the marriage of Berenice and Ptolemsous III., by which the kingdoms 

 of Cyrene and Kgypt were again united. (Justin, xxvi. 3 ; Schlosser, 

 Th. it ; Abth. i.) 



ARTABA'NUS, the last of the Parthian dynasty of the Anacidre, 

 succeeded his brother Vologeses IV. Herodian relates that Caracalla, 

 the son of Septimius Severus, having anked and obtained in marriage 

 the daughter of ArUbanus, entered the country with a Roman army, 

 and in the middle of the festivities gave orders for a massacre, A.U. 216, 

 in which numbers of the Partbians perished, and the king himself 

 escaped with difficulty. Indignant at this gross treachery, Artabanus 

 took the field with a numerous army. After a bard-fought and inde- 

 cisive battle of two days, the Romans came to terms, by informing the 

 Parthian king of the death of Caracalla, against whom he was chiefly 

 inosoaed, and offering to restore the treasures seized by Caracalla, as 

 well as to pay a Urge sum of money. But in this war Artabanus had 

 lost a large part of his army and prisoners and booty taken at Ctesipbon. 

 Artaxerxes, or Ardsbir, took advantage of the losses sustained by the 

 Parthiaos to incite the Persians to revolt. The Parthians were defeated 

 in three great battle*, in the last of which Artabanus was, after three 

 days' hard fighting, taken, and put to death, A.D. 226. The Parthians 

 in consequence became subject to the Persians, after having been their 

 mastrn for 475 yean. 



AKTAXERXES, or ARTOXKRXKS, King of Penia, surnamed 

 LoBfimanus (in Greek Macrocheir), from his right hand being larger 

 than bis left, was the second son of Xerxes I., and succeeded to the 

 throne on the murder of his father and his elder brother Darius by 

 ArUbanus, B.C. 486. He himself narrowly escaped assassination from 

 the same hsnd, but his superior strength saved him in the struggle, 

 and ArUbanus fell by a blow from his dagger. This event was fol- 



lowed by the insurrection of his only remaining brother Hyataspea, 

 who was satrap of Bactria ; but the king soon succeeded in reducing 

 the rebellious province. The Egyptians, thinking the disturbed con- 

 dition of the kingdom afforded them a favourable opportunity to 

 recover their independence, of which they had been deprived by 

 Cambysea, rose in arms under Inaros, B.C. 460, and nearly freed their 

 country from the yoke of the Persians. They at the same time 

 received a numerous body of Athenian auxiliaries. Artaxerxes sent 

 bis brother Achomenes to reduce them to obedience, but he was 

 defeated and slain. lu a second expedition which he sent under Arta- 

 uaxus and Megabyzus, the Athenians were obliged to evacuate the 

 country, B.O. 455. They still however continued the war, and sent a 

 body of troops under Cimon to take possession of Cyprus. Cimon 

 defeated the Persians several times, and had nearly reduced the whole 

 of the island when he was cut off by disease, ac. 449. Peace was 

 then concluded, according to the later Greek writers on very humilia- 

 ting terms: but of these Thucydides was not aware, and they are 

 now generally regarded as a subsequent fabrication. Soon after peace 

 was concluded Megabyzus revolted, but was ultimately pardoned ; and 

 Artaxerxes seems to have spent the remainder of his life in peace. 

 He died after a reign of forty yean, B.C. 425, and was succeeded by 

 his son, Xerxes II. (Thucyd. i. 104-110; Diodorus, lib. xi. xii; Ctesiae, 

 Penica in Phot. BM., p. 119 ; or, Baehr's ed. of Ctesias, 1824.) 



ARTAXERXES II., king of Penia, surnarned Mnemon from the 

 excellence of bis memory, was the eldest son of Darius II. and I'ary- 

 satis, and succeeded to the throne on his father's death B.C. 405. lli 

 mother hoped to obtain the crown for her younger son, Cyrus, on the 

 ground of his being the first born after the accession of his father. 

 Artaxerxes suspected his brother, and would have put him to death 

 but for the intercession of his mother, who obtained his pardon, and 

 even his continuation in the command of the maritime provinces of 

 Asia Minor. At Sardis Cyrus collected a large force with the inten- 

 tion of usurping the throne, and proceeded with these troops and a 

 body of above 1 0,000 Greek mercenaries to attack the king. ThU is 

 the celebrated expedition of which Xenophon has left us so interest- 

 ing an account. A decisive engagement took place at Cunaxa, B.C. 

 401, about forty miles from Babylon, in which Cyrus gained the 

 victory, but being himself slain in the battle, the result was the com- 

 plete establishment of Artaxerxes on the throne. The Lacedaemonians 

 were encouraged to enter Asia by the weakness of the Persian 

 monarchy, which the expedition of the 10,000 had revealed to all 

 Greece. Agesilaus, at the head of the Spartan troops, overran tbe 

 greater part of the western provinces of Asia Minor, and would 

 probably have reduced the whole of the peninsula, if Artaxerxes by 

 bribery had not succeeded in exciting a Grecian war against Sparta. 

 Agesilaus was recalled to the defence of bis country, and the Persians 

 soon afterwards gained a naval victory near Cnidus, principally by tbe 

 assistance of Conon the Athenian, B.C. 394. The Spartans were at 

 last induced to sign a treaty, B.C. 387, which gave up everything for 

 which they had been contending. [AGESII.AUaj The only war which 

 Artaxerxes conducted in person wai an unsuccessful expedition against 

 the Cadusii, a people inhabiting the mountains on the west and south- 

 west side of the Caspian Sea. His efforts to reduce Egypt were fruit- 

 leas. Artaxerxes was a weak nnd a licentious man. During the early 

 years of hi* reign he was under the influence of his mother, Parysatis, 

 who governed with excessive cruelty through the agency of slaves 

 and eunuchs. Artaxerxes had only three legitimate sons ; but according 

 to Justin he had by his concubines no lesa than 115 sons. He married 

 his own daughters, AmestrU and Atosso, the first example in Persian 

 hUtory of such an unnatural alliance. His son Darius he put to 

 death in consequence of a conspiracy which he had formed against 

 him. Artaxerxes died from grief on account of the bad conduct of 

 Ochus, the youngest of his legitimate sons, B.C. 362, and was succeeded 

 by Ochus. (Plutarch, Life of Artaxenet; Diodorus, lib. xiii. xiv. ; 

 Ctesias ; Xeuophon, A nation*. ) 



ARTAX KRXES III., called Ochus before he ascended the throne, 

 was tbe third son of Artaxerxes Mncuion. He began his reign by 

 putting to death all those of the royal family from whom ho thought 

 himaelf likely to incur danger. He was cowardly as well as cruel, 

 but by means of his Greek generals he succeeded in subduing the 

 satrap Artabazus who had revolted, and in reducing Phoenicia and sevenl 

 towns of Candia and Egypt He was at length, B.C. 339, assassinated 

 by Bagoan, his favourite eunuch, an Egyptian by birth ; who placed 

 on the throne his youngest son, Arses. (Diodorus, lib. xvi. xvii. ; 

 Juatiu, x. 3 ; Plutarch, Ayailaiu.) 



ARTEDI, PETKR, a distinguished naturalist, the second son of 

 Olaus Artedi, was born 22nd February, 1705, at Anuud in Angcrtnan- 

 land, a province of Sweden. He was destined for the church, and in 

 1716 was sent to tbe school of Heriiosnnd, and thence in 1724 to the 

 Univenity of Upsal; but be gradually abandoned theology and at 

 length devoted himself entirely to natural history ; adopting however 

 medicine as his profession. Even when a school-boy he bad spent 

 most of bis leisure houn in the study of fUhes and tbe collection of 

 plants ; and by constant attention he had made himself so far master 

 of the science that when Linuxus, who in 1728 went to Upsal to study 

 medicine, on inquiries who among the students was pre-eminent, all 

 answered Peter Artedi ; on which Liumcus sought his acquaintance. 

 At this time, according to LinnoHin's description of him, he was tall, 



