365 



ARTEMIDORUS. 



ARTEVELD, JACOR 



366 



thin, with long black hair, and a countenance resembling that of 

 John Ray, judging by the portrait of the English naturalist. Their 

 friendship continued through the whole period of their residence at 

 Upsal, which was seven years. Their scientific studies were pursued 

 in concert. Physiology, chemistry, and mineralogy they studied 

 together. The study of fishes and the amphibia was assigned to 

 Artedi, while Linnaeus gave his attention to birds and insects. In 

 testimony of their friendship, before the departure of Linnaeus for 

 Lapland and of Artedi for England, they mutually constituted each 

 other heir to their papers and collections of natural history, the 

 survivor pledging himself to publish whatever manuscripts might 

 seem worthy of the public eye. 



In September, 1734, Artedi sailed from Stockholm to London, where 

 he met with the most courteous reception, particularly from Sir Hans 

 Sloane, who gave him the free use of his fine museum. During his 

 stay in London he wrote the preface to his ' Ichthyologia.' In 1735 

 Linnaeus, after his Lapland tour, went to Leyden, where, after residing 

 a few weeks, he was agreeably surprised to find himself joined by his 

 friend Artedi. The means of Artedi being almost exhausted, he 

 meditated a return to his native land ; but a very different fate awaited 

 him. Albert Seba, an old and wealthy apothecary of Amsterdam, 

 who had collected an unrivalled museum of objects of natural history, 

 had published two volumes descriptive of quadrupeds and serpents, 

 and when about to publish a third volume on fishes, he requested the 

 assistance of Linnaeus ; but he, too much occupied with other matters, 

 declined the task, and recommended Artedi. Previous to this Artedi 

 had assisted Linnaeus in his great ' Systema Naturae,' particularly in 

 tlie departments of fishes, and in the umbelliferous plants. Having 

 entered upon his new office, he drew up for the work of Seba, the 

 descriptions, the synonymes, the genera, and species of nearly all that 

 remained. 



About this time, Linnaeus, having finished his 'Fundamenta 

 Botanica,' hastened to Amsterdam to show it to Artefli, who on his 

 part showed Linnaeus his ' Philosophia Ichthyologica,' which had 

 been the work of several years' labour. But this friendly interchange 

 of ideaa soon experienced a melancholy interruption. Artedi, on the 

 21st September, 1735, when returning to his lodgings from the house 

 of Seba, fell into one of the canals of Amsterdam, and no assistance 

 being at hand, he was not discovered till morning. Thus, in the 

 thirtieth year of his age, perished one whom Linnaeus justly pro- 

 nounced an honour and ornament to his country. 



Linnaeus found among the papers of Artedi the ' Philosophia Ich- 

 thyologica ' alone finished ; the ' Synonymologica,' a work of immense 

 labour, complete, but confused ; the ' Descriptions,' good ; the ' Biblio- 

 theca,' unfinished ; and the 'Systema' nearly complete. He devoted 

 more than a year to render these works complete, and then gave them 

 to the world, preceded by a well-written life of the author, in 1 vol. 

 8ro, Leyd. 1738. Linnaeus had previously availed himself of them, 

 for the department of fishes, in his ' Systema Naturae,' published at 

 Leyden in 1735. The great work of Artedi was, as Cuvier observed, 

 the first which gave a truly scientific character to the natural history 

 of fishes, completing that which had been so well begun by Willoughby 

 and Ray. Artedi's was a strictly natural arrangement, having founded 

 his orders solely upon the consistence of the skeleton, upon the oper- 

 cula of the gills (branchiae), and the nature of the rays of the fins. 

 In his botanical labours Artedi was not so successful. The researches 

 of Sprengel, Kock, and Decandolle, have furnished an arrangement 

 of the umbelliferous plants much superior to that of Artedi. Linnaeus 

 called a genus of umbelliferous plants after his friend, Artedia, of 

 which only one species is known. A.xquamata. Artedi's 'Ichthyo- 

 logia ' was reprinted and enlarged by J. Waldbaum, three volumes 

 4to, Lubeck, 1788, 1789, 1792. 



ARTEMIDO'RUS, surnamed Daldianus, from Daldis, a small town 

 of LyHia, which was the birthplace of his mother, is the author of a 

 work in five books, entitled ' Oneirocritica,' or ' The Interpretation of 

 Dreams.' He lived in the time of the Antonines, and collected his 

 materials by travelling in Greece, Asia, Italy, and other countries, anil 

 registering such communications as he was favoured with by those 

 who studied the interpretation of dreams. (Lib. I. cap. i.) The 

 value of the work, which is written in very fair Greek, consists partly 

 in the strange stories it tells, but more in the incidental notices of 

 manners and usages, and in the view which it gives of the superstition 

 about dreams in that age. It is also useful for the explanation of 

 several mythological allusions and symbols. The first edition was by 

 Aldus, 1518, 8vo ; the last by Reiff, Leipzig. 1805, 2 vols., 8vo, one of 

 text and the other of notes. An English translation was published in 

 1644, in 12mo, under the title of 'The Interpretation of Dreams, 

 digested into five books, by that ancient philosopher Artemidorus.' 

 Of this work m tenth edition was published in 1690. Artemidorus 

 intimates that he wrote other works, but only the ' Oneirocritica ' has 

 coine down to us. 



AKTKMIDO'KUS of Ephesus wrote a treatise on general Geography, 

 in eleven books, besides some other works. He wrote probably about 

 B.C. 100. His geographical work is very often quoted by Strabo as 

 authority, by Pliny in hut ' Natural Hiotory,' by Stcphanus of Byzan- 

 tium in n ' Dictionary,' and by other writers. The passages thus 

 quoted are collected in Hndwin'n ' Minor Greek Geographers,' vol. i. 

 W can collect from Strabo that Artemidorus visited Spain, Rome, 



and Alexandria. He was sent on an embassy from Ephesus to Rome, 

 in order to recover two valuable salt-lakes near the mouth of the 

 Cayster, which belonged to the temple of Diana, but had been seized 

 by the Roman publicani (farmers of the taxes). Artemidorus was 

 successful, and was rewarded with a golden statue placed in the temple 

 of the goddess. (Strabo, xiv. p. 642.) 



ARTEMI'SIA, the daughter of Lygdamis, became queen of Halicar- 

 nassus when her husband died. She was one of the most distinguished 

 women of antiquity, if we may credit the account given by her 

 countryman Herodotus. She attended Xerxes in his expedition 

 against Greece, B.C. 480, and furnished five ships, which were second 

 only to those of the Sidonians. In the council of war before the 

 battle of Salamis, she strongly represented to Xerxes the folly of 

 risking a naval engagement, and the event justified her opinion. In 

 the battle she displayed such courage that Xerxes declared " the men 

 behaved like women, and the women like men." To her Xerxes 

 intrusted the care of his children, that they might be transported in 

 safety to his kingdom. (Herod, vii. 99, viii. 87-103.) She was repre- 

 sented in the Persian portico, which was erected to commemorate the 

 great defeat of the Persians. (Paus. iii. 11.) She is not subsequently 

 mentioned in history; but of her death a fabulous account is given 

 by Photius : having become enamoured of a young man named 

 Dardanus of Mydos, and finding her passion not returned, she caused 

 hia eyes to be put out whilst he slept. This provoked the anger of the 

 gods, and she was condemned by an oracle to go to the rock of Leucas, 

 whence she threw herself into the sea. Other unfortunate lovers in 

 antiquity, as will be remembered, are said to have followed her 

 example. But most modern scholars agree in regardiug the phrase 

 of "leaping from the Leucadian rock " as merely a poetical expression, 

 without any foundation in historical fact. 



ARTEMI'SIA, daughter of Hecatomnus, king of Caria in Asia 

 Minor, and wife of Mausolus, whom she succeeded on his death, 

 B.c. 352. She reigned two years, carrying out in all respects the policy 

 of her husband, for her attachment to whom she is indeed chiefly 

 celebrated in history. She is said by Pliny to have mixed his ashes - 

 in her daily drink, and to have slowly pined away in grief for his loss. 

 She proposed two prizes for the beat panegyrics on her husband, one 

 in poetry and another in oratory. Tho successful competitors were 

 TheopompuH snd Theodectes. She caused a monument to be erected 

 at Halicarnassus to the memory of Mausolus, which, for its grandeur 

 and magnificence, was considered one of the seven wonders of the 

 world. It was called ' mausoleum ' from the name of her husband, 

 and hence the name mausoleum came to be applied to such funeral 

 monuments as are of more than usual splendour. 



ARTEVELD, JACOB, a great popular leader in the early part of 

 the 14th century, was a native of Ghent. Louis, then count of Flan- 

 ders, had married a neice of Charles le Bel, king of France. On the 

 death of his grandfather, Robert de Bethune, a dispute arose between 

 Louis and Robert de Cassel, his uncle, about the succession, which 

 was decided by the parliament of Paris, supported by the king of 

 France's power, in favour of Louis. By his violent conduct Louis 

 had made himself obnoxious to his subjects, particularly in the great 

 commercial towns. The four principal chartered communes, or muni- 

 cipalities, of the county of Flanders, were Ghent, Ypres, Bruges, and 

 the country or district of Bruges which was called Le-Franc, or 'free 

 country.' Bruges repeatedly revolted against Count Louis, and at last 

 took him prisoner, and kept him till the people of Ghent, who were 

 then jealous of their neighbours of Bruges, rescued the count. Another 

 and a more general insurrection of the Flemish was put down by 

 Philip de Valois, who had succeeded Charles le Bel ; he defeated the 

 Flemish in a great battle at Mount Cassel in 1328, and obliged them 

 to surrender at discretion. The leaders were put to death, and the 

 towns were heavily taxed. 



The war which broke out some years after between Philip de Valoia 

 and Edward III. of England, gave occasion to another revolt of the 

 Flemish towns. This time Ghent took the lead, and the burghers 

 elected for their captain Jacob Arteveld, a brewer according to 

 Froissart, who superseded the authority of the count, and was in fact 

 the ruler of Ghent. Jacob had the great qualities, as well as the vices, 

 frequently found united in the character of a demagogue. He was 

 active, eloquent, and bold; but violent, overbearing, and tyrannical. 

 He flattered the people, proscribed the nobles, and divided their spoils 

 among tho*e of his own party. Edward of England having sent 

 messengers to Flanders, for the purpose of bringing the Flemings to 

 act with him against Philip of France, Arteveld declared for him, and 

 induced the people of Ghent to form an alliance with the English 

 Count Louis, who was attached to King Philip, opposed Arteveld 's 

 intrigues, and in a diet held in the town of Bruges, he caused one of 

 the promoters of the English alliance to be seized and beheaded at 

 Ruppelmonde. The people of Ghent, infuriated at this proceeding, 

 marched to Bruges, and compelled its burghers to join the English 

 alliance; and the insurgents, strengthened by the assistance of the 

 English, defeated the count and his nobles, who were obliged to 

 evacuate Bruges. The count withdrew to France, but returned again 

 in 1338, and made an attempt to conciliate his refractory subjects. 

 Having entered Ghent, he tried to persuade the popular leaders to 

 side with him and with Philip of France ; but the burghers shut the 

 gates, made the count prisoner, and compelled him to sign a treaty of 



