411 



AUCHMl-H 



AUDLKY, LORD. 



ill 



born*, followed in nooMrioo, and D' AubuMou'i hut yean were ip*nt 

 in a dej. melancholy. He died at Rbodsa, in July Ii03. and 80. 

 There U a narrative in Latin of the (tege of Rhode*, which It 

 attributed to D* Aubtuwra. in the collection ' D* Scriptoribus German!*, 1 

 Frankfurt, 1802. Gulielmui Caorinu* has written al*o an ac<- 

 the aiece, printed at Ulm, 1400. FaUir Bouhoun ha* written a life 

 r.- h'Aubuaaon. 



IMIl'TY. tiKNKKAL SIR SAMUEL, WM the eon of the 

 Rev. Samuel Auchmuty, D.I)., of New York, a minuter of the Church 

 of England, and wai born in 1754. In 1778 Samuel entered the 

 Brituh armj M a volunteer, in which capacity he erved three cam- 

 paign* under Sir 'William Howe, and was pretent at several action*, 

 particularly thoee at White Plains and Brooklyn. He obtained an 

 en*igncy in 1778. From 17S3 to 1796 ha WM in India, and at the 

 latter date bad riarn to the rank of lieutenant-colonel He came to 

 Kngland In 1787, and in 1EOO he waa cent, with the rank of colonel, 

 to take command of a force to be despatched from the Cape of Good 

 Hope to attack the French poet* at Koateir and Sues, on the Red Sea. 

 On arriving at Jidda, hii command merged in that of General Baird, 

 horn be found there at the bead of the Indian army ; but be wai 

 appointed adjutant general, at fint to that army, and afterwards to 

 the whole Brituh force* in Egypt He remained in Egypt during 1801 

 and 1802, and in 1803, on hi* return to England, wai honoured with 

 the Orand Croat of the Bath. In 1806 Sir Samuel Auchmuty wa* 

 ordered to take command of the British troope in South America, with 

 the rank of brigadier-general. On his arrival be found affair* in a 

 critical poaition, the main body of the troop* already on the ipot being 

 abut up in Buenoa Ayrea, on account of the recapture of that city by 

 the Spaniarda. He landed on the 6th of January, 1807, on the island 

 of Maldooado, of which poaieiaion wai atUl kept by the remnant of 

 the Britiah force*. Seeing the necessity of initant action, he deter- 

 mined on the attack of Monte Video, a city to well fortified that it 

 wai often called ' the Gibraltar of America.' The whole of hi* force, 

 amounting to 4800 men, wai accordingly landed near the city on the 

 18th of January, and on the 20th it curtained an attack from a well- 

 appointed Spanish force of 6000 men, which wai repul*ed with great 

 lot* to the Spaniarda. Regular aiege waa then laid to Monte Video, 

 and a breach effected, notwithstanding the great strength of the works, 

 which mounted 160 pieces of cannon. Intelligence arriving that 

 4000 men and 24 piece* of cannon were approaching for the relief of 

 the place, the general determined on an immediate assault, which, on 

 the morning of the 3rd of October, wai made with complete aueoees. 

 The British low amounted to 600 ; on the side of the Spaniard* there 

 were 800 killed, 500 wounded, and 2000 taken prisoner*. After this 

 brilliant action little more waa done by Sir Samuel Auchmuty until lie 

 waa lupeneded, on the 9th of May, by General Whitelocke, whose 

 incapacity caused the loa* of the advantage! which his predecessor had 

 gained. For the taking of Monte Video, Sir Samuel received the 

 thank* of both bouae* of parliament. 



In 1810 Sir Samuel Auchmuty sailed again for India a* commander- 

 in-chief in the presidency of Fort St. George, and in 1811 he com- 

 manded the troope at the reduction of tbo island of Java, For this 

 service alao Sir Samuel received the thank* of both house*. In 1813 

 be returned to England, and wai made lieutenant-general in the army, 

 but be wai not afterward! engaged in active service. He died sud- 

 denly, in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, on the llth of August, 1822, in 

 hi* rixty-aizth year. At the time of hi* death be wa* commander of 

 the force* in Ireland. 



(Abridged from the Biooraplical Dictionary of Ike Socitlg for the 

 />,/,<,. ,/ r/W Kmowltdgt.) 



AU1 .1 KAN BAPTISTS, wai born in 1758, at Roohefort. 



in France. Hi* father waa a dealer in provision* for the supply of 

 the shipping. Young Audebrrt, when seventeen yean of age, went 

 to Paris to atody the art* of design and painting, and soon excelled 

 a* a miniature-painter, supporting himself honourably by hi* labour*. 

 In 1789, M. Gigot d'Orcy, receiver-general of taxea, who waa dis- 

 tincubbed by hi* teatc for natural history, having had an opportunity 

 of judging of the talenti of Audcbcrt, employed him to paint the 

 moat rare object* in his maguiuoent collection, and afterward* lent 

 him to England and Holland, whence he brought back a great many 

 drawing., which w. re used in Olivier'* ' Histoire dee Insect**.' These 

 occupation* gave a biaa to Audebert in favour of natural history, 

 which toon amounted to an ardent passion. I In now undertook on 

 bis own account various important work*, of which the fint wa* 

 Hiatoire X.turell* dee Singe*, del Makia, et dee Oaleopithoquee,' one 

 voL huge folio, with atxty-too plate., the Bgurc* coloured, Paris, 1800. 

 The appearance of this work caused a great sensation among natural- 

 ist*, for Audebert united in hi* own peison the character! of painter, 

 engraver, and author. The method he adopted of colouring the 

 engraving* of object* of natural history wa* also far superior to any 

 former method*. He may indeed be aaid to have invented a new 

 mode, and to have carried it to the highest degree of perfection, lie 

 placed all the colours on one plate at once, instead of using a* many 

 plate* as there were colour*. He used oil initead of water colour*, 

 and alao succeeded in printing with gold, varying hi* colours in such 

 a manner as to imitate the most brilliant hue* of the original!. In 

 hii ' Histoire dee Colibria, des Oiaeaux-Monchei, des Jacaman, et dcs 

 Pron-crop",' 1 voL large folio, Paris, the expression and position of 



the bird* are ao perfect a* to make them appear animated ; aud the 

 ileatil|a!liiin. of which be is likewise the writer, in worthy of such a 

 work. Two hundred copies only were printed in folio, in which tin- 

 name at the foot of each figure is printed in gold ; one hundred 

 copies in Urge quarto ; and only fifteen copies in folio, of which the 

 whole text is printed in gold. 



Scarcely were theae work* commenced before Audebert began to 

 plan othen the history of Birds, of the Mammifem, and lastly that 

 of Man. He had thus chalked out for himself work enough to occupy 

 a long life; but in 1800 death carried him off in the forty-second 

 year of hi* age. He had begun the ' Histoire dee Qrimpereaax et dei 

 Oiieanx de Paradia/ Ac., 1 vol., and the publisher, M. Detrny, who 

 wa* in pone avion of hi* material* and the prooeatei which he had 

 discovered and employed, completed theae two work* in ai perfect a 

 manner ai tboee which had been flniihed by the author hims-lf. The 

 text was edited by M. Vieillot, a naturalist, and friend of Audebert 

 Theae two work* are united under the common title of ' Oiaeaux 

 Dores on a reflets Meialliquce,' 2 vols. in large folio and large quarto, 

 Paris, 1802. Upon the same plan, and by the adoption of the same 

 processes. M. Vieillot published ' 1'Hiatoire de* Oiaeaux de r An,. 

 Septentrionale.' The Bird* of Africa (' Lei Oiaeaux d'Afrique ') of 

 Le Vaillant are indebted for their excellence to Audebert, who super- 

 intended the printing of the plate* a* far a* the thirteenth part 

 Other branches of natural history, and especially botany, were enriched 

 by the discoveries of Audebert, a* may be aeen in the iplendid works 

 ' Le Jardin de Malmaiaon,' by Veutenat, and the ' Liliaceei ' of 

 Redout*. (Riog. fnireneUt.) 



AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, SIR JAMES, one of the original knight. 

 or founder* of the Order of the Garter, appears to have been the son 

 of a Sir James Audeley, or de Andele, who served in the expedition 

 to Gascony in 1824, and in that to Scotland in 1327. He accompanied 

 Edward, the Black Prince, to France in 1816. Various incidental 

 notice* in Froinart and other contemporary authorities, show that 

 Audley wai frequently in personal attendance upon the Black Prince, 

 at various time* between the above date and that of the battle of 

 Poictien, in which his gallant conduct wai eminently conspicuous. 

 In recording the preparations for that great battle, Froissart relates 

 that Sir James Audley to soon as he aaw that the armies muit certainly 

 engage, requested permission to quit the prince, in order that he might, 

 in fulfilment of a vow which he bad formerly made, stand foremost 

 in the attack, and either prove himself the beat combatant in the 

 English army, or die in the attempt Hii request being granted, be, 

 with his four squires, performed prodigies of valour throughout the 

 battle, and he received numerous severe wounds in the course of the 

 day. Toward* the cloe of the engagement hii squires led him out 

 of the fight, and laid him under a hedge to dress bis wounds ; aud 

 when it was over, he was, by the prince's requeit, borne in a litter to 

 the prince, who immediately, as a reward for his gallant bearing 

 retained him a* hi* own knight, giving him an annual revenue of 600 

 marks, and declaring him the bravest knight on his side of the battle. 

 On returning to hi* tent, with chivalric disinterestedness, Audley 

 resigned hi* annuity to his attendant squires ; but when this act of 

 generosity wai made known to the prince, he sent for Audley, and 

 beitowed upon him a further annual sum of 600 marks, for hi* 

 own use. 



On the renewal of warlike proceeding* in I860, Audley was again 

 engaged in variou* liege* and other military operation*. During the 

 expedition of the Black Prince into Spain, Audley was appointed 

 governor of Aquitaine ; and in 1369 he filled the high office of senes- 

 chal of 1'oltoti. Among other engagement* of that year, he took 

 part in the capture of La-Roche-iur-Yon, in Poitou, after which he 

 retired to hi* residence at Kontenny-le-Comte, where be died before 

 the cloee of the year. Hii funeral obsequies were performed with 

 great ceremony at Poictiers, the prince himielf attending on the occa- 

 sion. On the formation of the Order of the Garter, about the year 

 1344, Audley wai appointed one of the knight*. 



(Abridged from the biographical Dictionary of the Society for the 

 Ui/iui'in nf 1'irful A'li'iiciofae.) 



AUDLKY. THOMAS, LORD AUDLEY OF WALDEN, Lord 

 Chancellor of Kngland during the reign of Henry VIII. This noble- 

 man U aaid to have been born at Earl'* Colne, in Kascx, but of his 

 parentage or the event* of hi* early life, we have little positive infor- 

 mation. He is aaid to have received a university education, but 

 whether at Oxford or Cambridge i* uncertain ; and the first circum- 

 stance which Dugdale couM discover concerning him waa, tlmt in the 

 eighteenth year of Henry VIII., about the year 1526, he ocean 

 Autumn-reader in the Inner Temple. Lloyd intimates that he ; 

 reputation in this office by hii reading on the Statute of Privileges, 

 which, he say*, commended him to the king's service. About three 

 yean later he was made Speaker of the House of Commons in that 

 Long Parliament which, continuing by prorogation until the twenty- 

 seventh year of the reign, effected the dissolution of all the smaller 

 religious house* the revenues of which did not exceed 200/. per 

 annum. In the twenty-second of Henry VIII., about 1530, he became 

 attorney for the Duchy of Lancaster, an appointment which appears 

 to have been given to him on the recommendation of the Duke of 

 .Suffolk, to whom be wai steward or chancellor ; and about the same 

 time be was advanced to the dignity of a sergcant-at-law, and speedily 



