413 



AUDOUIN, JEAN VICTOR. 



AUnUBON, JOHN JAMES. 



414 



appointed king's sergeant. In 1532, upon the resignation of Sir 

 Thomas More, he was knighted and made lord-keeper of the great 

 seal ; and on the 26th of January, 1533, he waa made Lord Chancellor 

 of England, an office which he held until within a few days of his 

 death, when he resigned tho seals. Audley presided at the trial of 

 Sir Thomas More, was the Speaker of the Black Parliament, and was 

 on all occasions the ready instrument of the arbitrary measures of 

 Henry VIIL Respecting the rewards which he received for his 

 servile and unscrupulous compliance with the king's will, Fuller 

 quaintly remarks that " In the feast of abbey lands, King Henry VIII. 

 carved unto him the first cut, and that, I assure you," he observes, 

 "was a dainty morsel." It was the priory of canons of the Holy 

 Trinity, commonly called Christ Church, near AMgate, in the city of 

 London, the site and precincts of which, together with all the plate 

 and lands belonging to the establishment, were, shortly after his 

 appointment to the chancellorship, bestowed upon Audley, who con- 

 verted the priory into a residence for himself. Among other prizes 

 he succeeded in securing for himself the great abbey of Walden, in 

 Essex, after pleading 'that he had in this world sustained great 

 damage and infamy in serving the king, which the grant of that should 

 recompense ;" and having gained possession of this noble estate, he 

 was created, by letters patent bearing date the 29th of November, in 

 the thirtieth year of Henry VIIL, 1538, Baron Audley, of Walden. 

 He was also invested, in 1540, with the Order of the Garter. He died 

 at his residence at Christ Church, and in 1544, according to the direc- 

 tion! ,'iven in his will he was buried at Walden. 



Aud'ey is the reputed founder of Magdalen College, Cambridge, the 

 patronage of which is vested in his representatives ; but the college 

 which bears that name was originally founded by Edward Stafford, 

 duke of Buckingham, about the year 1519, under the name of Buck- 

 ingham College. The institution was yet incomplete when, in 1521, 

 it came into possession of the crown upon the attainder of Buckingham. 

 In the 34th year of Henry VIII. (1542), Lord Audley entered into 

 articles of agreement with the king, by virtue of which the college 

 was regularly incorporated under the "name of St. Mary Magdalen. 

 Audley assigned certain lands and tenements formerly belonging to 

 the priory of the Holy Trinity towards the support of the re-established 

 college. Audley died without male issue, and consequently the barony 

 became extinct. His daughter married, first, a younger sou of the 

 Duku of Northumberland, and subsequently Thomas, duke of Norfolk, 

 by whom she had a sou Thomas, who was summoned to parliament as 

 Baron Howard of Walden, and who founded at Walden, upon the 

 ruins of the abbey, the stately mansion of Audley-End. 



(Abridged from tho Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the 

 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.) 



AUDOUIN, JEAN VICTOR, was born at Paris on the 27th of 

 April, 1797. His early education was intended to fit him for the law, 

 but his inclinations were towards the study of organic nature, and he 

 accordingly gave up the law for the study of medicine. HU mind was 

 early directed to the study of the natural history of insects. The 

 first paper which he published was a description of an animal belonging 

 to the class Iniecta, in 1S18, and from this date to the time of his 

 death, his labours in this branch of study were incessant. The results 

 of most of his investigations were published in the form of contribu- 

 tions to the various journals or in the Transactions of societies. These 

 papers were numerous, and they are all valuable. 



His early papers on the anatomy of the Iniecta, and especially those 

 on tho Annelida, introduced him to the notice of Cuvier, Geoffroy 

 tit. Hilaire, and Latreille, with whom he lived on terms of intimacy, 

 and from whose instruction he obtained those enlarged views of the 

 relations of the animal kingdom which are so conspicuous in all his 

 writings. In 1826 he became connected with M. Milne-Edwards in 

 researches upon the Crustacea and A nnelida, which resulted in a great 

 addition to existing knowledge on the subject of the minute anatomy 

 and functions of these animals. In the same year he became assistant 

 to Lamarck and Latreille in the Jardin des Plautes, and on the death 

 of the latter he was appointed professor of entomology in tho museum 

 attached to that institution. In his lectures here he paid particular 

 attention to those insects which were injurious to vegetation. His 

 investigation of the economy of insects was very extensive, and only a 

 mall portion of the matter he had collected was published before bis 

 death. He left behind him fourteen quarto volumes of manuscript on 

 this subject, with numerous drawings. Audouin, at the request of 

 thegovernment of France, prepared and published a work, entitled 

 ' Hintoire des Im>ectes nuisibles a la vigne, et particulierement de la 

 Pyrala qui doVaste les vignolles des de'partemens de la Cote-d'Or, de 

 Saone-et-Loire, du Rhdne, de 1'Herault, des Pyre'ndes-Orientales, de la 

 Haute-Oaronne, de la Charente-Infe'rieure, de la Maine, et de Seine-et- 

 Oiie.' It came out in six parts quarto. The first part appeared in 

 1840, but the last did not appear till some time after the author's 

 death, in 1843. The work treats not only of the natural history of 

 these inaecta, but also of the means of preventing their increase and of 

 destroying them. It is illustrated with beautiful plates, after drawings 

 by the author, and, whether regarded as an example of careful obser- 

 vation, and the application of science to a practical subject, or for tho 

 beauty of its illustrations, is probably one of the most valuable ever 

 contributed to entomology. 



Audouiu fell an early victim to the puriuit of his favourite science. 



In the summer of 1841 he visited the south of France, for the purpose 

 of investigating the habits of the insects which injure the olive-planta- 

 tions. Here he exposed himself to wet and cold, which brought on au 

 attack of apoplexy, of which he died on the 9th of November, 1841. 

 On the day of his funeral orations were delivered at his tomb by 

 M. Serres, president of the Academy of Sciences; M. Chovreul, director 

 of the Museum of Natural History ; by M. Milne-Edwards, and 

 M. Blanchard. Audouin had collected a fine museum, not only of 

 individual insects, but of specimens illustrating their economy. Theso 

 were exhibited after his death at the museum of the Jardin des Plantes. 

 His library was large, and when sold by public auction, at his decease 

 realised 20,000 francs. 



It would be unjust to Audouin to regard him as a mere entomologist. 

 He was a comparative anatomist and naturalist, whose power of acute 

 observation peculiarly adapted him for the study of the habits and 

 the structure of insects. In all his more important papers on entomo- 

 logy, it is evident that he did uot regard insects as the end of his 

 inquiries, but that he looked upon them as a great class of phenomena, 

 illustrating the general laws that were deducible from the study of 

 the whole animal kingdom. With him external forms were only 

 regarded as dependent on an internal structure, which in its develop- 

 ment, and the functions it performed, stood closely related to the 

 whole animal kingdom. It was thus that he was led to investigate the 

 annulose aubkingdom of animals, and succeeded in adding to science so 

 many important facts which assist in indicating the true relation of these 

 animals to one or the other division of the animal kingdom. 



(Abridged from the Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the 

 Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.) 



AUDRAN, GIRARD, an eminent engraver, was born at Lyou, 

 August 2, 1640. He learned the principles of design and engraving 

 from his father Claude, who was one of a family of artists. At an 

 early age he went to Paris, where his talents soon obtained notice, ami 

 procured him eventually the patronage of Le Brun, the king's painter, 

 who employed him to engrave the Battle of Constantiue, and the 

 Triumph of that emperor. He subsequently resided two years at 

 Rome, and improved himself in design in the school of Carlo Maratti. 

 Among many fine plates which he executed at this period, a portrait 

 of Pope Clement IX. excited particular admiration ; and M. Colbert, a 

 great patron of the arts, conceived so high an opinion of Audrau's 

 talents, that he persuaded Louis XIV. to recall him to France. On 

 his return he was appointed engraver to the king, and in the year 1681 

 was nominated councillor of the Royal Academy. He died at Paris in 

 1703, aged 63 years. 



Girard Audran was unquestionably one of the greatest historical 

 engravers that has ever existed. His reputation perhaps rests chiefly 

 on the celebrated series of plates after Le Brun's Battles of Alexander, 

 respecting which the painter himself confessed that his expectations 

 had been surpassed. It is indeed impossible to contemplate without 

 the highest admiration the skill, intelligence, and extraordinary facility 

 exhibited by his burin throughout those immense and intricate compo- 

 sitions. His style is composed of a bold mixture of free hatchings and 

 dots, placed together apparently without order, but rendering, with 

 admirable effect, not merely the contours, but the mind and feeling of 

 the painter ; and his style is so entirely free from manner, that on 

 looking at his prints we lose sight of the engraver, and are reminded 

 only of the master whom he is transcribing. In the above-mentioned 

 Battles of Alexander, after Le Bruu ; the Preservation of the young 

 Pyrrhus, after Nicholas Poussin; the Plague, after Mignard ; and the 

 Martyrdom of St. Lawrence, after Le Sueur, the respective style of 

 each painter is rendered with the most distinct yet delicate discrimina- 

 tion. Girard Audran owed his extraordinary excellence not only to 

 his consummate skill in design, but in a great measure to his frequent 

 habit of painting from nature ; and several subjects which ho engraved 

 from his own designs attest the extent and versatility of his powers. 



He is also the author of a work on the proportions of the human 

 figure, published in folio, under the following title, at Paris, in 1683 : 

 ' Les Proportions du Corps humain, mesure'es sur les plus belles 

 Statues de I'AntiquiteY There is an English copy of it, which has 

 gone through many editions ; it contains a preface and twenty-seven 

 plates of ancient statues, with the relative proportions of all the parts 

 marked upon them. 



AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, an eminent American naturalist, was 

 born in Louisiana, in the United States, on the 4th of May, 1780. 

 Both his parents were French. His father, who was au ardent admirer 

 of the beauties of external nature, endeavoured from his earliest years 

 to foster in him a similar taste, and especially directed his attention 

 to the many tribes of birds which inhabited that part of the state in 

 which they resided. The boy's passion for the study of birds and 

 everything connected with them, soon outran his father's promptings. 

 While still a child he obtained possession of several of the splendid 

 plumaged specimens of American birds, and cherished them us his 

 choicest treasures. At this period, when any of his birds died, his 

 chief regret was that he could no longer either himself retain what 

 had been BO bright, or convey to others a notion of the departed 

 brilliance. His father having placed under his eyes a book of orni- 

 thological illustrations, the boy determined to become a draughtsman 

 himself. 

 Feeling his deficiency in the elements of drawing, he applied him- 



