425 



AUGUSTUS. 



AUGUSTUS, 



426 



destroyed, that there might be no further danger from them. The terms 

 of this agreement were read to the soldiers, who were well content ; 

 but nothing was said of the intended massacres. 



In order to secure the union of the two chief leaders, the soldiers 

 of Antouius also planned a marriage between Caesar and Clodia, the 

 daughter of Fulvia, the wife of Antonius, by Clodius. Caesar was 

 already betrothed to Servilia ; but he broke off that engagement, and 

 agreed to take Clodia for his wife. Clodia was yet very young, and 

 Caesar divorced her shortly after, without having consummated the 

 marriage. The Triumviri, as the three were called, made a list of 

 300 senators and about 2000 equites, who were to be put to death. 

 They then sent orders for the death of a small number of the most 

 distinguished of their enemies before they reached Rome, and Cicero 

 was among them. Some of them were immediately massacred, and 

 alarm spread through the city ; but Pedius, the consul, calmed the 

 fears of the citizens by publishing the names of those who were to 

 be proscribed, and declaring that these were to be the only sufferers. 

 But Pedius was not in the secret of his colleagues, and he died before 

 the Triumviri reached Rome. 



The Triumviri entered Rome separately, each with his praetorian 

 cohort and a let'ion : the city was filled with soldiers. A law was 

 hurriedly passed by which Caesar, Antonius, and Lepidus were invested 

 with consular power for five years, for the purpose of settling affairs, 

 and thus the Triumvirate was constituted in legal form. In the fol- 

 night a list of 130 persons, who were proscribed, was set up 

 in many parts of the city ; and 150 more were soon added to the list. 

 Notice was given that the heads should be brought to the Triumviri, 

 and the bearer was to have a fixed reward ; if a freeman, money; if a 

 slave, his liberty and money too. Rewards were offered to those who 

 should discover the proscribed, and the penalty for concealing them 

 was death. Lepidus was foremost in this affair, though Caesar and 

 Antonius were the most unrelenting after a beginning was made. As 

 soon as the lists were published, the gates of the.city were closed, and 

 all the outlets and places of refuge were strictly watched. Aud then 

 came a scene of misery such as had not been witnessed even in the 

 time* of Marius and Sulla. Every avenue io the city and all the 

 country round Rome was scoured by soldiers eager to earu the rich 

 reward by carrying heads to the Triumviri. All the enemies of the 

 Triumviri who were unfortunate enough to be found, were sacrificed 

 to their vengeance. Many of those who escaped were drowned at 

 sea, but some reached Sicily, where they were kindly received by 

 Sextus Pompeii!", the son of the dictator's great rival. 



Sicily, which had fallen to the share of Caesar in the distribution of 

 the Western provinces, was held by Sextus Pompeiua, who had a well- 

 manned fleet. Caesar sent his admiral Salvidienus Rufus against Sicily, 

 and went to Rhegium, where he met Salvidienus. A severe battle 

 took place in the strait, in which the loss was about equal on both 

 sides. Giving up Sicily for the present, Coefar sailed to Brundisium, 

 whence he crossed over to Dyrrachiuin to join Antonius. M. Brutus 

 and Cassius bad now advanced from Asia as far as Philippi in Mace- 

 donia, where they heard that Antonius was approaching, and that 

 Caesar had fallen ill and was detained at Dyrracbium. Caesir arrived 

 before the battle, though he was still feeble. In the first of the two 

 engagement* at Philippi, Cassius killed himself, thinking that all was 

 lost ; and in the second Brutus was defeated, and put an end to his 

 life. Many of their soldiers joined the armies of Caesar and Antouius. 

 This decisive victory, which broke the senatorial party, was mainly due 

 to the courage and generalship of Antonius. The battle of Philippi 

 was fought about the close of B.c. 42. A large body of the army of 

 Brutus and Cassius capitulated to Caesar and Antonius. 



A new division of the provinces was, now made. Caesar and Antonius 

 arranged matters their own way, and took from Lepidus what hud 

 been given to him. Antonius set out to the East to collect money ; 

 Cicsar returned to Italy to superintend the distribution of the promised 

 lauds among the soldiers. 



Caesar fell ill at Brundisium, and a report reached Rome that he 

 waa dead. Having somewhat recovered, he camo to Rome, and pro- 

 duced letters of Antonius, pursuant to which Calenus, who held two 

 legions in Italy for Antonius, gave them up to Caesar, and Sextius was 

 ordered by the friends of Antonius to give up Africa to Cicsar, which 

 Caesar gave to Lepidus. The soldiers who had served under Caesar 

 and Antonius were now impatient for their rewards, and they claimed 

 the lands which had been specifically promised. The occupiers (poases- 

 Bores) urged that they ought not to be the only sufferers, and that all 

 Italy should contribute. But the promised lands were given to the 

 soldiers, and they were established as military colonies in due form. 

 Thousands were driven from their homes, and many of the ejected 

 cultivators fled to Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. Rome also was crowded 

 with them : they came to complain of the hardships of their lot ; 

 young and old, women and their children, filled the public places and 

 the temples with their lamentations. Caesar could only tell them 

 that they must submit to necessity ; the soldiers must be satisfied. 

 The sufferers were loud in their complaints against him, but he looked 

 steadily at one object, to secure the favour of his soldiers. His 

 prudence and firmness stopped a mutiny at Rome which threatened 

 dangerous consequences. 



In the year B.C. 41 the consuls were Publius Servilius and Lucius 

 Antonius, one of the brothers of Marcus. But Luciu, and Fulvia, the 



wife of Marcus, who was left by her husband in Italy, really directed 

 the administration. Lucius and Fulvia were jealous of the popularity 

 which Caesar was gaining, and they now made an effort to destroy 

 him. Fulvia had also hopes that a war might bring back her husband, 

 who was enslaved by Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. Caesar was 

 supported by M. Agrippa, and by Salvidienus, who advanced from 

 Spain, and joined him with six legions. After some unsuccessful 

 movements on the part of Lucius Antonius, he threw himself with his 

 forces into the strong city of Perueia, which Csesar and his generals 

 blockaded. The place was obstinately defended, but famine at last 

 compelled a surrender, B.C. 40. Lucius was pardoned; but three or 

 four hundred captives, among whom were the Decuriones of Perusia, 

 were put to death. It is told both by Suetonius and Dion Casaius that 

 they were slaughtered like victims at an altar erected to the honour 

 of the deified Dictator, and the day of the sacrifice was the memorable 

 Ides of March. 



Italy being now clear, Cfcsar again thought of attacking Sextus 

 Pompeius in Sicily, but having no ships, and learning what the force 

 of Pompeius was, he took another course. He foresaw that there 

 might be a contest with Autonius, and he wished to prepare the way 

 for a reconciliation with' Pompeius. Accordingly he commissioned 

 Maecenas to negociate a marriage for him with Scribonia, the sister of 

 Lucius Scribonius Libo, who was the father-in-law of Sextus Pompeius. 

 Libo consented, and Caesar took for wife Scribonia, a woman much 

 older than himself, who had already had two husbands. 



M. Antonius left his wife Fulvia ill at Sicyon. He had not a large 

 army with him, but he entered the Ionian Sea with two hundred 

 vessels, where he met with and received the submission of the fleet of 

 Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, who had been an adherent of Brutus and 

 Cassius. The combined fleet came to Brundisium, which was occupied 

 by troops of Caesar, and strictly blockaded it Pompeius being 

 requested by Antonius to join him, sent Menodorus, or Menas, with a 

 strong force to Antonius, and also seized Sardinia, which belonged to 

 Caesar, and gained over two legions which were in the island. 'Caesar, 

 seeing the position of affairs, sent Agrippa into Apulia, and, following 

 with a considerable force, he seated himself down near Brundisium. 

 The soldiers of Caesar wished to effect a reconciliation between him 

 and Autonius, which was accomplished mainly through the interven- 

 tion of Cocceius, a common friend, and was facilitated by the arrival 

 of the news of Fulvia's death. It was agreed that Antonius and Caesar 

 should again be friends, and that the sister of Caesar, Octavia, who 

 had just become a widow by the death of her husband Marcellus, 

 should marry Antonius. There were great rejoicings in both armies 

 on this occasion. A new division of the provinces was made between 

 Caesar and Antonius : all to the west of Scodra, a town of Illyricum, 

 was to be administered by Caesar; Antonius was to have all to the east 

 of Scodra ; Lepidus was to keep Africa, which Caesar had given him ; 

 and Ciesar was to be allowed to prosecute the war against Pompeius 

 if he chose. Antonius and Csosar entered Rome, and the marriage of 

 Autonius with Octavia was celebrated. 



Rome was still afflicted with famine, and the usual supplies of grain 

 were stopped by Pornpeius and his partisans, who held Sicily, Sardinia, 

 and Corsica. The famine and the attempt to raise money by heavy 

 taxation caused great riots in the city, and both Caesar and Antonius 

 were pelted with stones by the populace. The riots were only put 

 down by force. At last, Caesar and Antonius went to Baiae to meet 

 Scxtus Pompeius. The interview between the two Triumviri and 

 Pompeius took place at Puteoli. The first conference led to no result, 

 but they finally agreed to peace on these terms : Pompeius was to hold 

 Sardinia, Sicily, Corsica, and the Peloponnesus, with the same powers 

 that Caesar and Antonius had in their respective administrations ; and 

 the exiles were to be allowed to return, with the exception of those 

 who had been condemned for the murder of Cffisar. It was also 

 agreed to marry the daughter of Pompeius to Marcellus, the stepson 

 of Marcus Antonius, and the nephew of Caesar. 



In the following year, B.C. 38, war broke out between Caesar and 

 Sextus Pompeius, on various grounds of dispute. The campaign was 

 unfortunate for Caesar, and he lost more than half of his ships. 

 During this year he put away his wife Scribonia, who had borne him 

 a daughter, Julia ; and married Livia Drusilla, the wife of Tiberius 

 Nero, who must have either divorced herself from her husband or 

 have been divorced by him ; for according to Roman law, a man 

 could not marry the wife of another. Livia was then six months gone 

 with child, with Drusus, the brother of the future emperor Tiberius. 

 Caesar remained attached to her as long as he lived, and she had always 

 great influence over him. In the spring of the year B.C. 37, Antonius 

 crossed over to Tarentum from Athens with three hundred vessels, 

 with the intention of assisting Caesar against Pompeius. Suspicions 

 had been growing up between them, which were partly removed by 

 Octavia visiting her brother. An interview followed between Anto- 

 nius and Caesar on the river Taras, which ended in a reconciliation. 

 Antonius gave Caesar a hundred and twenty ships, and Caesar gave or 

 promised Antonius 20,000 legionary soldiers from Italy. The period 

 of the five years' triumvirate was now uear expiring, and they renewed 

 it for another five years. It was also agreed at this interview that 

 Antyllus, the eldest sou of Antonius, should marry Julia, the daughter 

 of Caesar. 



Caesar had been actively engaged in preparing for the war against 



