*J7 





Poopeiu*. Hoatilitie* did Dot commence till the month of July. The 

 fleet of Ccear wa* ahattered by a storm, but Pompeio* coutiuucil in 

 hi* usual inactivity. Lepidus, who had been invited to aid in the war 

 against Pompeiu*, had lauded in Sicily before Omar, with part of hi* 

 fora ; the fleet which wai bringing the re*t from Africa wa met at 

 M by Papius, one of the oommanden of Pompaius, and dispersed or 

 destroyed. Agrippa wa* now in the command of the fleet of Ctosar, 

 and. uu.lcr his able direction, Cncar wa* finally victorious. [AUKIITA, 

 U. Vipsixits.] Pompeiu* fled from Sicily, and uiany of hi* soldier* 

 dewrtcd to CM** and Lepidu*. The force of Lepidu* now amounted 

 to twenty-two legions, and he bad a lining body of cavalry. lie wa* 

 thu* encouraged to olaim Sicily, a* he had landed on the island before 

 Omar, and had reduced most of the citiea. Omar and Lepidu* had 

 an interview, from which they parted in anger and with mutual 

 threat*. A new civil war *ml to be ready to break out ; but the 

 oldien of Lepidus knew hi* feeble character, and they admired the 

 vigour which Cesar had recently displayed. Cxnar had little diffi- 

 culty in gaining them over, and Lepidu* himself, on the defection of 

 hi* troop*, speedily submitted Caw aeut him to Rome (tripped of 

 hi* military command, but (till retaining hi* office of Pontifex Maxi- 

 mum ; and Lepidu* was content to *|>en<l the rc*t of hi* day* in 

 ingloriou* quiet. Caxar did not pursue Pompeiu*, who, after variou* 

 intrigue* against M. Antonins, wa* taken prisoner in Asia Minor by 

 thegeneraU of Autonius, and put to death (B.C. 35). 



The force of OBMT now amounted to forty-five legions, 25,000 

 horsemen, near 40,000 light troop*, and 600 vessel*. He gave hi* 

 troop* reward* for their late service*, and he promUed more ; the 

 commander* of Pompeius received a pardon. But the army wa* dii- 

 aatufiod, especially hi* old soldiers, who claimed exemption from 

 further service, and the same solid rewards which the soldiers had 

 received who fought at Philippi. Cncsar wo* obliged to yield : he 

 pacified the officer* ; and allowed those soldier* to retire who had 

 erved at Philippi and before Mutina, to the number of 20,000, but he 

 sent them from Sicily immediately, that they might not corrupt the 

 rest of the army. The soldiers who were disbanded afterwards 

 received land* in Campania; the rest received a present of money, 

 which wa* probably paid out of the heavy contribution that was 

 levied on the conquered ialand. 



Before the close of the year B.C. 36, Caspar, now twenty-eight yean 

 of age, returned to Rome, where he wa* joyfully received by all 

 classes. The Senate were profuse in voting him honours ; but he was 

 moderate in hi* wUhea. Be accepted a minor triumph, and a gilded 

 statue in the forum, which represented him in the dresi in which he 

 entered the city. He also consented that there should be nu annual 

 celebration of the Sicilian victories. He now turned his attention to 

 domestic affairs. Rome and Italy were infested with robber* and 

 pirate* ; but they were put down by the vigour of Sabiuus, who 

 received a commission for that purpose. The regular magistrates 

 now resumed many of their function* ; all evidence of the late civil 

 quarrels was burnt, and Quar promised to restore the old consti- 

 tution when Antonius returned from his Parthian expedition. 



While Antonius was occupied in the East, Cesar invaded Illyri- 

 cum (u.i . 35). He also marched against the Pannouions, whom ho 

 compelled to submit. Un his return to Homo, the Senate decreed 

 him a triumph, which he deferred for the present ; but he obtained 

 for hi* lister Octavia, who had been itaying at Home since Antonius 

 left Italy, and for hi* wife Livia, exemption from the legal incapaci- 

 ties of Roman women in tbe management of their own affair*, and 

 the privilege of their persons being declared inviolable, like the 

 tribunes. They were thus placed in the same rank with th. 

 virgin*. This measure, the object of which is not mentioned by the 

 historian, wa* intended a* a mark of honour, and probably a* a moan* 

 of safety in case of any reverse to Ctcsar. It is said by Dion, that 

 Csgsmr meditated an invasion of Britain after the example of the 

 Dictator ; and that he bad advanced as far as Gaul, when he was re- 

 called by an outbreak of tbe Pannonian* and Dalmatian*. Agrippa 

 first marebrd against the Dalmatians, and ho wa* followed by Caesar. 

 The Dalmatian* made a brave resiitance; and Cauar himself was 

 wounded in this campaign. 



Borne now began to reap some benefit from peace ; and the public 

 improvements ol Agrippa during hi* icdileship (B.C. 33) added bulb 

 to the salubrity and the splendour of the city. [AoBiri'A, M. V.] 

 Tbe spoils of the Dalmatian war supplied the funds for the porch and 

 the library, which were called Octovian, in honour of the sister of 

 Ccur. A learned grammarian (Suetooiui, 'De Grammat' 21) was 

 placed at the bead of the library. The year B.c. 33 was Ciesar's 

 -c :. : :.-, Up, 



Cssear and Antonius had long foreseen that there would be a content 

 between them, and tbe removal of Sextus Pompeius and Lepidus was 

 a preliminary to it Neither of them now bad an enemy to contend 

 with, for Cosar was at peace in the West, and tbe Parthian* were 

 quiet. Mutual cause* of complaint and recrimination were not wanting. 

 Canar procured war to be declared agaiiut Cleopatra, affecting to 

 regard Antonio* a* merely her alavu. In the spring of B.C. 31 theleet 

 ol Csssar under the command of Agrippa swept the eastern part of the 

 Adriatic, and Cssear with his legions landed In Kpirus.' Un the 2nd 

 of September he gained a complete victory at Actium over Antonius 

 and Cleopatra. A few days after the battle of Actium the land-forces 



of Antonius eurrendored. The conqueror used his victory with 

 moderation, and only a few were put to death, who were his declared 

 enemies. Maecenas was sent to Rome to maintain quiet in Italy, and 

 Cnsar set out for Athens, whence he pissed over to Sauios on his route 

 to Egypt, whither Antonius and- Cleopatra had fled ; but a mutiny 

 among the veterans who had Wen sent to Italy under Agrippa recalled 

 him, and he reached Brundisium after a dangerous winter voyage. 

 Here he was met by the senators of Home, and matters were settled 

 for the present by giving money to some of tbe soldiers and lands to 

 other*. The spoils of Egypt afterwards supplied the demands of those 

 who consented to wait 



Tbe year u.c. 30 was the fourth consulship of Ctosar. After staying 

 twenty-seven days at Brundieiuni, he set out for Egypt by the route of 

 Asia Minor and Syria. His movements were so rapid that Air 

 and Cleopatra received at tbe same time the news of bis r- tin 

 Asia to Italy, and of his second voyage to Asia. Ctcsar entered 

 on the side of Pulusium, which ho took ; but it was said that t 

 was surrendered at the command of Cleopatra, who had some hopes 

 of conciliating or captivating the adopted son of lu-r former 1 

 Dictator. The event* which followed, the death of Antonius, and that 

 of Cleopatra, belong to other articles. [ANTONIUS, MARCUS; CI.EO- 

 I'ATRA.] Cicsar was much disappointed in not securing Cleopa : 

 lii triumph. She and Antonius were placed by his orders in the same 

 tomb. Ctosar immediately put to death Antyllus, the eldest son of 

 Antonius by Fulvia, who was betrothed to his own d i-: _!.:. r; and 

 Cx>sarion also, the son of Cleopatra by the Dictator t Vsarj was over- 

 taken in bis flight and killed. lulus, a younger son of Fui. 

 Antoniua, and his children by Cleopatra, were spared. Egypt was 

 made a Roman province, of which Cornelius Callus, who had assisted 

 in its reduction, WHS appointed the first governor. 



Before leaving Alexandria Cicaar saw the body of Alexander, which 

 was embalmed and kept in tbe city which he bad founded. lie placed 

 upon it a golden crown, and strewed it with flowers. He returned to 

 Asia Minor through Syria, and entered on bis fifth consulship while he 

 was in Asia (B.C. 29). In the summer of this year ho passed through 

 Greece to Italy. His arrival in Rome was celebrated in the month of 

 August by three triumphs on three successive days, fur I. 

 victories, the victory at Actium, and the reduction of Egypt. Tin- 

 temple of Janus was closed, and Romo was at pt-ace with herself and 

 with the world. 



Cicsar, it is said, now thought of laying aside the pon*r which he 

 had acquired, and he consulted his friends Mo>ceuas and Agripp.i. 

 Agrippa recommended him to resign his power; Maecenas advi> 

 to keep it, and this oil vice or bis own judgment he follow.- 1. . 

 year (B.C. 29) he received the title of Imporator, not in the old sense 

 of that term as it was understood under the republic, but aa indicating 

 a permanent and supreme power. With the aid of Agrippa, and 

 as censor, though perhaps without the title, he reformed 

 One hundred and ninety unqualified members were induced or 

 I>elled to retire. In hi* sixth consulship (ac. 



colleague Marcus Agrippa, and it was signalised by the solemn cele- 

 bration of a lustrum and the taking of the census, an improved 

 administration of the treasury, and the construction of useful build- 

 ings, among which were the temple and the library of the Palatine 

 Apollo. But it is the seventh consulship of Caesar (it.c. 27) which 

 forms a memorable epoch in his life, and in the history of the empire. 

 He proposed to the eeuate to restore the old republican form, which 

 in effect was to restore to tbe senate the administration of the Roman 

 state; but he was urged by them to remain at the head of affairs, and 

 he consented to administer part of the empire, and to leave: the rest 

 to the senate. A division of the provinces was made, according to 

 which chose which were on the frontiers and most exposed were 

 administered by Cicsar. In the west he hod all the Until*, and part 

 of Spain with Lusitauia; in the cast he had Code-Syria, Phoenicia, 

 Cilicia, Cyprus, and Egypt. Italy was not a province ; it was now all 

 Romanised, and was the seat of empire. Couar would only undertake 

 the administration of these parts of the empire for ten years ; but at 

 the end of tbe ten years the administration was given to him again, 

 and this was repeated to the end of his life. This was a great change 

 in the administration of the state, and Cicsar thus obtained a power 

 which in extent no Roman had enjoyed before. Un the ICtli of 

 January, B.C. 27, Ciesar received from the senate and tbe Roman j 

 the title of Augustus, the Sacred or the Consecrated, by whicli 

 be i* henceforth known on his medals, sometimes with the addition of 

 Cicsar and sometimes without The Augustan years were dated at 

 Romo from this time, which is also generally considered the commence- 

 ment of the empire. The title was conferred, as the historians state, 

 by the senate and the people, which moans that tho senate proposed 

 the measure and it was confirmed by a lex. 



In the year u.c. 23, the eleventh consulship of Augustus, the senate 

 conferred on him the tribunitian power for life. He was not 

 tribune, but he received and exercised for thirty-seven years all the 

 authority of the office, aa if be had been annually elected to it under 

 the old constitutional forms. The ordinary tribunes still continued to 

 bo elected as brfmv. His person was thus declared inviolable, ;md hi: 

 could, according to the old constitutional forms, obstruct any ru< 

 in the senate or prevent any enactment of any lex or plebiscitum by 

 the popular assemblies. 



