431 



AUGUSTUS I. 



Aetium. comprised a period of near forty-four yean, and from tbe time 

 of hi* landing at Bnindiaium in ar. 44, a period of nfty-ceven year*. 

 Augustus wa* of middle stature, or rather below it, but well made. 

 The expression of hi* hands-ime face wa* that of unvarying tranquil- 

 lity ; hi* eye* were large, bright, and piercing ; hi* hair a lightish 

 yellow ; and hi* nwe somewhat aquiline. The profound serenity of 

 hi* expression and the noble character of hi* feature* are shown by 

 hi* gems and medals. He wa* temperate even to abstinence in eating 

 and drinking, and he thus attained a great age, though he was of a 

 feeble constitution ; but though a rigid father, and a strict guardian 

 of public morals, be U accused of incontinence. He wa* fond of 

 simple amusement*, and of children'* company. In all hi* habit* ha 

 was) methodical, an economizer of time, and averse to pomp and 

 personal display. He generally left the city and entered it by night, 

 to avoid being seen. The muter of so many legions he who directed 

 the administration of an fin which extended from the Euphrate* 

 to the Pillar* of Hercules, and from the Libyan Desert to tbe German 

 Ocean hv.d in a house of moderate size, without splendour or 

 external show. From hi* youth he had practiced oratory, and was 

 well acquainted with the learning of hi* day. Though a ready speaker, 

 he never addressed the senate, the popular assemblies, or the soldier* 

 without preparation, and it wa* hi* general practice to read hi* speeches. 

 He wa* a man of unwearied industry, a great reader, and a diligent 

 writer. Hi* successful encouragement of literature, especially in the 

 persons of Virgil and Horace, has procured tbe name of the Augustan 

 age for the brilliant period in which he lived. He wa* also himself 

 an author. Plutarch ('Anton.' 22) and Appian ('Bell. Civ.' iv. 110) 

 availed themselves of commentaries written by the emperor; and 

 Suetonius (Si), moat probably alluding to the same work, mentions an 

 autobiography in thirteen books extending down to the Cantabrian 

 war. He wrote also a poem in vene called ' Sicilia,' some epigram*, 

 and a tragedy called ' Ajax; ' the hut did not satisfy him, and was 

 never published. Tbe fragment* of the emperor'* work* were collected 

 by J. Rutgers, and published by J. A. Fabricius, 1724, 4 to. 



(Cicero, Ltitcrt; Horace; Virgil; Ovid; the ifonumentum Ancy- 



ramum ; Velleiui; Tacitus; Plutarch. Life of Antony, tc.; Appian, 



Wart, books ii. iii. iv. v. ; Suetonius, Life of OcUtvitu ; Dion 



taanu* ; Clinton, Patli ; Biographical Dictionary of tin Society for 



the Diftuio* of t'trful Knowledge.) 



A* the relations of the member* of the Augustan family ire exceed- 

 ingly intricate, and yet a knowledge of them U eucutial to a full 

 understanding of tbe history of tbe Koman empire, we subjoin a 

 temma of the family drawn up by Lipsius. (See Uberlin's ' Tacitus,' 

 vol. ii. p. 681.) There an some difficulties] about a few name*, but they 

 are of no importance. 



C. Oetfrimi by Aacharia has Orlmri* llu SUir ; by Alia, daughter of Balbiu, 

 k* ha* Otmria llu TMMfW, and O. Octonu, afterwards At-ocrrvs. From 

 wkltk of Ike daughters the following progeny (print* is uncertain. 



1. If. Hamllui, married (I) Pompeia, daughtr of Sextus 

 PosBprlos, sad (1) Julia, daughter of Augustus has no 



*. By C. Mat 



cellos .< 



. By M. An. 



iMlwibe 

 TtlamTir. 



1. MumHu tkt SUtr. 



"A^JJT"^ } Cbi:di " <* 



. By Julia. Anto- \ 



* 



I. iltralU Ik* 



I. Alo*U (A. O. 



Or, 



By L. Domitlui 

 Jtoobaibaa . 



I*' 



t. 



I*. 



By Druraa, bro- 

 ther of Tibrilu. 



1. Domilia. married Crispos Passleaus! 

 >. DomMa LrfiJa. 



a. By M. Valerius 1 r<tlrri* IftMiallina, 

 Barbatas lies- J m. CUudiiu, the 

 sails . . ) empeior. 

 . By Ap. Juniu. I . 



Bllanus? .]*' 

 I. O,. Domitiu,, by ) 

 Agripplns . . ) 

 I. Grrmamna, adopted by Tlbcrin*. 

 By AgTipplna, dr. \ 



of Julia . .j 8 ** below - 

 1. JUrisi or Litilla, 



m. C. Csgsar, and afterwards Drums, 

 son of Tiberius, U betrothed to Be- 

 Janus. 



1. I'l AI'lill >. 



. By PUntla Vr- 

 fUlaailla 



. By JDU Fell. 



r. ByValerUUes. 

 uillna . 



1. Dntna, 

 Betrothed to dr. of 



Hejanus. 

 I. CfawXa. 

 Antvnia, 



m. Pompelus II. 

 and t'austus 

 SulU. 

 I. Octaeiu, 

 Betrotbed to L. 81- 



lanua, m. Nero. 

 I. ClfuliHt Hr,ta*. 

 xicui. 



II. C. Orlfriiu, afterwanla C. Juliiu Cjuir Or.'uii.nii. - has no 



children by bis other wivn ; by Scribonla, daughter of L. Scriboniu Libo, 

 ke has one daughter, Julia. Julia 

 a. By U. Marcelliu, aon of C. Mareellus and Ucuvia, hu no progeny. 



1. Caiui Qrtar, adopted by Augiutua, married l.ivin, >l!cr of 

 Germatiicu*. 



I. Lueiut Gnai, adopted by Anguntus, betrothed to .KmilU 

 Lepld*. 



'l. If. tKmitita Lefidtu, m. Driwilb, dr. 



of Germinicut. 

 1. .Emilia Lrfida, 

 a. Betrothed to Clandlui. 



1 . L. SilaHUt, 



S. Julia, 

 lly I.. 

 Paula*, son of 

 the Ccnwr 



4. 



Betrothed to Ot- 

 tarla, daughter of 

 . ! Claudius . 



By Ap. Juniun j M 6ilanu , Pro . 



.. ByW. Yip. s.'unnst . .\ ' ,, , ^ 



saniusAgrip-t . /, Oi/rinn, 



pa . nun icd sou of 



V. Vitelllus. 

 e. By DriuuK, son ) .. 

 of Gcrmanicns ? j 



f 1. Km, married Julia, daughter of Dru- 



sur, son of Tlbcriu*. 

 3. Drutui, married .Emilia Lepida. 



3. CAII-> CALH.I LA. 



4. Ayrip^iiut, I 



By Cn. Domitins / - >Emo ' 

 ' 5. itnuM,, married L. Cassius and M. 

 JJuiliUH Lrpidus. 



Liria or J-inlla, married M. Viclnlns 

 and Qu:ncluiuH Varus ! 

 S. Agrippa Poitumn*, adopted by Augustus, 

 c. By Tibcr!ii, ha* none. 



1. Tintaius \m, adopted by Augustus. 

 a. By Vipsanii ( Jtrtaut, I 1. Ti. Gcmcllut. 



III. Tlbcriui 



Claudius Nero, 



By Llria 



Agrlppina, gr. 

 dr. of Atticus. 



By Livij, 

 tcr of G 

 manic us 



*!*.{. Gtmellut. 

 icr. ( 3. Julia. 



. By Julia . 

 Drmm, 



| None. 



a. lly Nero, son \ 



of Germnnicu* j 

 6. By Ilubel- \ Itul.rlliu 



lius UinnUus . ) flatlui. 



Iu the penon of the emperor Nero the Julian family became 

 extinct As far as we have traced it here, the Julian blood descended 

 from a single female, the sister of the dictator Ctcsar. The dictator 

 had only a daughter Julia, who left no descendants. 



AUGUSTUS L of Saxony was the second son of Henri, the piou* 

 duke of Saxony, of tbe junior branch of Attenburg, and was born 

 July 31, 152C. In 1544 he became administrator of the bishopric of 

 Mesaeburg ; and in 1553 be succeeded to the electorate on the death 

 of hi* elder brother Maurice, who had been matte elector through the 

 influence of Charles V., in place of hi* cousin John Frederick, who 

 liad fought against the emperor in the wars occasioned by the 

 Hi-formation, and wa* therefore depose,! by the diet [MAURICE.] 

 John Frederick, sou of the deposed elector, aspired to the succession, 

 but wu obliged to aatufy himself with the duchy of Ootha and other 

 district*. Henoe arose the divuion between the electoral, now royal, 

 house of Saxony, which continue* in the successors of Augustus, and 

 the ducal house* of Saxe Ootha and Saxe Weimar, which arc the 

 descendant* of John Frederick. Augustus was vindictive, intolerant, 

 and selfish ; but hi* reign was peaceful and prosperous. Once only 

 wa* he obliged to take the field against his relative John Frederick, 

 who wa* induced, by the suggestion of a Franconian adventurer 

 named Orumbach, who had been outlawed for tbe murder of the 

 Archbishop of Wiinburg and the plunder of that town, to revolt 

 against the emperor Maximilian II. The emperor demanded of the 

 duke the outlaw Orumbach, and on the refusal of John Frederick to 

 give him up, he wa* put under the ban of the empire, and the elector 

 Auguatu* wa* charged with hi* punishment He besieged Ootha, took 

 it, and made the duke prisoner. Orumbach and others were put to 

 death; John Frederick wa* abut up in a prison for life, and hi* 

 territorie* were divided between hi* two son*. 



Toward* the Calvini*ts, or 1'hilippists, as they were called, from 

 Philip Helaucthon, whose view* they professed to follow, who bad 

 spread into Saxony and other part* of Germany, Augustus was an 

 uucompromif ing persecutor. Some of the leaders he imprisoned, one 

 or two were tortured, and the rest of the sect ho banished from his 

 dominions. He then caused a creed of Lutheran orthodoxy to be 

 drawn up, which wa* styled 'Formula Concordim,' to which he com- 

 pelled all tbe clergy and schoolmasters of ducal Saxony to swear or 

 resign their functions. In other respect* the iway of Augustus wa* 

 directed to the improvement of the condition of tho people. Jl.i 

 respected the constitutions of his country, and consulted the assembly 



