At'ZOOT. ADRIEN". 



AVKRROES. 



at the last. Rome, 1891. 4to-, with < earn MboliU antiqui* ' in the title ; 

 80*117. I 1 *. I644 - 4to - in *" 'Uniran* Geometrim Mixtaraue 

 Mattweea* Sjnopu. ' of Henenne, then U a version of Autolycus, by 

 Maurolyeu*. 



{BvyrmfAitnl Dietionarf of tke Sotirly for <A< Difiuion of U*f* 

 fuevtafec.) 



AUZOUr, ADRIEX. wa* bom at Roaen, but when ii not known. 

 He had c*Uhli*hed his reputation u an astronomer in 1666, and wu 

 on* of the original member* of the Academy of Soienoee. founded in 

 that year. Ho die,i in 1891 or 1693, at Rome. Auzout is oelbrated 

 a* baring, in conjunction with Pioard, applied the telescope to the 

 mural quadrant This recta on an admiieion of Pioard to Lahire 

 (Montuela, ii. 569), aeaerted by the latter; but there U no mention of 

 it in Piearu"* book ' On the Figure of the Earth.' Auiont also made 

 an independent invention and application to the telewope of the 

 moTeable wire micrometer, on which be published a treaties in 1667. 

 Picard satiated him in perfeoting tbu iutniinnt Huyghen* has 

 been frequently elated a* an inrentor of this micrometer, but bin 

 inetmment is different from, and inferior in principle to, that of 

 Auaoul (DrUmbre, 'Act. Mod., Due. Prelim.' p. 47.) The prior 

 invention of Oaeooyne U admitted, and wai brought forward by 

 Hooke and other* of the Royal Society, in opposition to the invention 

 of Auxout 



Aiuout published observation! and calculation* of the comet of 

 1664, and the presentation of hii reeulte to Lonii XIV. U said to have 

 given that prince the fint idea of founding an observatory at Paris. 

 He aleo made a laborioua comparison of the weights and measures of 

 France and other countries, which % is to be found, together with his 

 own account of bia micrometer, in the folio collection of Memoirs of 

 the Academy, entitled ' Divrra Onvragea de Mathcmatiquo et Phyaique,' 

 Paria, 169S. Among other results of the micrometer, he observed 

 and meaaured the diurnal variation of the moon'a diameter, first 

 explained by Keplrr. Beside* the preceding worka, we have left of 

 Auxout a letter on tome new observations of Jupiter and Saturn, 

 Paria, 1664 ; and a letter to the AbW Charlea on a collection of obser- 

 vation* published by Campani, Paria, 1665. Auzout was a goo I 

 optician and maker of telescope* ; and although the state of his 

 health waa never good, he did much for astronomy. 



AVANZI, JA'COPO DI PAOLO D', a celebrated Italian painter of 

 the 14th century, who lived at Bologna, but whether he waa a Vene- 

 tian or a Bologneee U doubtful Jacopo wu sometimes called Dalle 

 Madonne, because he painted at one time almost exclusively Madonnas. 

 Jacopo U generally mentioned in company with Simone da Bologna, 

 or Simoue de' Crocifissi, or II Crocifiasaio, as be was called, for the 

 aame reason that Jacopo wu called Dalle Madonne. They became 

 partner*, and each painted a part of their joint productions, a circum- 

 atance which baa led to the error of treating them aa of one family ; 

 Siinone'a name wu not Avanzi, but Itenvenuti, according to the 

 manuscript of Orrtti. Moat of Jacopo'a worka have perished. The 

 freaoop* of the chapel of San Felice, formerly San Jacopo, in the 

 church of Sent' Antonio at Padua, which were long Attributed to 

 Giotto, were paint" I by Jacopo in 1376. He painted also, in partner- 

 ship with Simone, many frracoe* in the old church of the Madonna di 

 Meuaratta, without tli Porta San Mamolo at Bologna, which were 

 much praised with reference to their time by Michel Angelo and tho 

 C'arracci. Besidi-a theae Jaoopo painted two triumphs in a public ball 

 at Verona, and some worka in company with Aldighieri da Zevio in 

 tli chapel of San Giorgio in the church of Sint' Antonio at Padua. 

 The former were considrred work* of extraordinary merit by Man- 

 trgaa; the latter were recovered from dirt and oblivion by Dr. I'.. 

 For.tr ( Kunatblatt,' pp. 16 and 22). Jacopo died probably in tho 

 early part of the 15th century. There are two pictures attributed to 

 him in the gallery of Bologna. (Vaaari, Vitt de' Pittori, Ac., and the 

 Kotm to Seborn'a German translation; Malvuia, Pdsino. Pittrice ; 

 Laoxi. Aorta PiUoriea, Ac ; Oiordani, PiHacotccn di Bologna.) 



A V EM PACE, or AVKN PACE, properly ABU-BEKR MOHAM- 

 MED-HEX-HAJAH, but better known in the Eaat under the surname 

 of IBS-AS-SAYEO, an Arabian phil-wophir and poet, wu, according 

 to the Biographical Dictionary of Ibn-Khallican, a native of Saragoaaa, 

 or, according to Joannes Oeneain* Sepulveda, of Cordova. Of hii life 

 very little U known. He practised u a physician at Seville till the 

 year 512 after the Hegira (A.D. 1119) ; then, after travelling some time, 

 went to Fee, to the court of Yabya, Ibn-Taahefin, who** vizier he 

 became. Hera he died, according to Ibn-Khallican, in tho year a.H. 

 633 (A.D. 1138), according to othrra in A.H. 525 (1130). Avempaoe 

 wu a learned and accomplished nun. He is paid to have known the 

 Koran by heart, but to have entertained very free opinion* respecting 

 ite divine authority, and several other points of tho Mussulman faith. 

 He wrote several short diaaertation* and eaaaya on philosophical sub- 

 ject*, which wrr* collected by Abu'l-Havan-Ali, who prefeired Avera- 

 pace to all Mohammedan philosopher* that bad preceded him. Oih'-r 

 mora exteiuive work* be left behind in an unfinished atate ; among 

 these Iba-Topbail notices a ' Treatise on the Soul,' one on 'Solitary 

 Life,' another <.n 'Logic,' and on 'Natural Scienc-.' Several of hi* 

 worka were known to the schoolmen by Latin translations, but no 

 translation of any of his worka appears to have been printed. The 

 Avetnpece, or Avon-Pace, U a corruption of Ibn-BAjah. (See 

 Autodidadui, .. Efurt* Atn Jtutfar Htn-Tofhait, ed. 



Pooook. pp. 15-16, and preface; Niool. Antonii. KMiolktco. 

 Vet**. Rome, 196, voL il p. 232; D'Herbelot, llMioth^v* Oriental*, 

 artSaieg.) 



AVENBRUOGKR. [ACKSBlHJoomi.1 



AVENTI'NUS, JUHANXKS TllCltM.UER, the aon of a publican, 

 wu born at Abenaberg, in Bavaria, in 1476. He atudicd at In^ol- 

 stadt, anil afterwarda at Paris, where he to jk the degree of Muter of 

 Art* : he afterwarda taught eloquence and poetry at Vienna, and Greek 

 and mathematics at Kracow. In 1512 he wu called to Munich by tho 

 Duke of Bavaria, who intrusted him with the education of hi* two 

 aon*. He then wrote, in Latin, hi* ' Annales Boiorum,' or History of 

 Bavaria, which is much esteemed. In this undertaking, which en- 

 tirely occupied sixteen yeara of hii life, he bad acceas to the beat 

 aourcea of information, u the various archives, and the libraries of 

 convents, Ac, were opened to him. He died in January 1534 ; but it 

 wu not until 1554 that his great work wu permitted to be printed for 

 the first time, and then the editor, Zieglor, suppressed all those pas- 

 sago* which were directed against the popes or the RomUh church. 

 All theae passages were however restored in the edition of 1580 by 

 Cisner. Several other editions have been published ; and it ha< also 

 been published in German, but abridged. Aventioua wrote several 

 other learned works; among the rest 'Numerandi per digitos 

 manusque, quin etiam loquendi, vetcrum conauetudinia Abacus' ^lo, 

 1523 ; and ' Vita Henrici quarti Imperatoria cum ejusdem Epiatolis,' 

 4to. 1 ".IS. This work is very rare. 



AVEXZOAR, or AVEN'-XOHAR (a corrupt form of Ibo-Zohr), U 

 the name of two Arabian physicians, father and son, who flourished 

 in Spain during the 12th century. They were Jews by descent and 

 religion. The first and most celebrated of them is Abumeron Avon- 

 roar, or with his complete name, and correctly written, Abn-Merwan 

 Mohammed-ben-Abdu-1-Malek-ben-Zohar. He was born at Seville, or 

 PeBaflor, near Seville, about A.H. 465 (A.D. 1072-3). He was instructed 

 in medicine by bia father, and lived u physician at the court of 

 Ibrahiin-ben-Yussuf-ben-Tulifin, the Almoravide sovereign of Marocco 

 and Cordova. He died at Seville in the year A.H. 557 (11 62). He is 

 the author of several worka on medicine, which were long held in 

 high esteem ; the most important of them is the ' Taisir,' or ' Intro- 

 duction,' which is indeed one of the most valuable works of the 

 Arabian physicians. A Latin translation of it made from an inter- 

 mediate Hebrew version, has been printed repeatedly for the fint 

 time by Joannes de Forlivio and Greporiua, at Venice, in 1490, along 

 with the ' Colliget ' of Averrpea. A manuscript of tho Arabic original 

 of this work, besides a treatise on simple and compound medicines, 

 which is likewise Attributed to Avenzohar, is said to exi-t in the 

 Hibliothcque du Hoi, at Paris. Latin translation* of several other 

 works attributed to Avenzohar are enumerated by Nio. Antonius ; 

 among them we notice a treatise ' De euro calculi,' printed at Venice, 

 1497; and other, 'De regimino sanitatis,' Basil, 1618. Sprengel, after 

 giving an account of the ' Taistr,' proceeds to observe that Avenzohar 

 has done less to improve the theory than tho practice of medicine. 

 " Contrary to tho custom of his countrymen, he wu n declared enemy 

 of sophisms and dialectic subtleties. Following the plan of his father, 

 he intrusted himself to no other guide but experience ; but in doubt- 

 ful cues had often recourse to Galenus. He was not free from 

 prejudice, and his practice sometimes approached to empiricism. 

 Avenzohar wu the teacher of the celebrated Averroes. 



The younger Avenzohar, called by his Arabian biographers Alhafid, 

 or the Descendant, wu the son and pupil of the former. He wu 

 bom at Seville, A.H. 507 (1114), and educated under the guidance of 

 hii father. He succeeded bis father u chief physician to the sultan 

 Abdu-1-Mutneu, and held the same office under his son and grandson. 

 Al-Mansur carried Avcuzohar with him to Marocco, conferring on him 

 additional honours. Ho died in Marocco, A.H. 595 (1199), having it is 

 said been poironed with his sister by the vizir of AI-.Mansur, who was 

 jealous of the favour he enjoyed with the sultan. According to 

 Joannes Leo Africanus, be wrote, like his father, several works on 

 medicine ; nuion.' others, one on the treatment of the eye*. 



(Nic. Autouii, Bililiothcca Hiipana Vettu, t ii. p. 232-235 ; Hottinger, 

 Bibliothrcaritu, p. 269-271 ; Sprengel, Hatoirc de la. Mtdecine, t ii. 

 p. 3:12-337 ; Coairi, BMiotheca Htcurialcnnt, t ii. p. 232.) 



AVERKOES, or AVERItllOES, properly IBN-ROSHD, or with his 

 complete name, ABUL-WALID MOHAM. M 101) IU\ AHUEIMBX 

 MOHAMMED-IBN-ROSUD, an Arabian philosopher and physician of 

 great celebrity, waa born at Cordova, where his father filled the high 

 office of mufti or chief judge and priest of Andalusia. Tho date of 

 hi* birth i* commonly given u A.U. 543 (A.D. 1149), but if, as is said, 

 be wu very old at his death in A.II. 595 (1198), be must have been 

 born much earlier. From various circumstances there can be little 

 doubt that he wu born in the first quarter of the 12th century. 

 Some of the most distinguished Arabian scholars of the ao are 

 mentioned u his teachers. He studied Mohammedan jurisprudence 

 iiinii r the guidance of his father; theology and philosophy under 

 Ibn-Sayeg ( Aven Pace) and Topbail ; and medicine under Aveuzoar, the 

 father. His diligence wu indefatigable : he devoted the greater part 

 of his time to the study of philosophy and medicine, and turned to 

 the perusal of works of history or poetry only by way of recreation. 

 Aa a Mussulman theologian, Avcrroes adopted the creed of the Ashlari 

 sect, the main principle of which is, that God, being the universal 



