BAQLIOXL 



BA1LLIF, rtOrtKIJT. 



4SO 



patronage. Ha wia born at Home about 1578, and was for a short 

 time the pupil of a Florentine painter, Francesco Morclli. lie attracted 

 the notice of the popea Sixtus V. and Paul V., the latter of whom 

 created Baglione a Cavaliere del Abito di Crito. In 1618 ho was 

 ejected Principe of the Academy of St Luke. The date of his death 

 i> oot known : he was still living in 1 842. He executed a great many 

 work* in Rome, some at Naples, and some at Mantua ; but he painted 

 very few easel pictures, whence his works are rarely seen in collection* ; 

 he excelled in colour, and in light and shade. One of his best works 

 is the ' Resurrection of Tabitha,' in St Peter's at Rome. 



His book of Memoirs, of which he has written 81, is composed in an 

 extremely simple style, without any attempt at criticism ; and if he 

 ever venture* upon a qualifying remark, it is sure to be one of com- 

 mendation. Q. 15. PsBsari published an edition of it at Naples in 1733, 

 with the addition of the ' Life of Salrator Rosa : ' there is also a 

 memoir of Baglione, which contains a long list of his works. The 

 following is the title of the book 'Le Vitc de' Pittori, Scultori, 

 Architetti, ed Intagliatori, dal PontiBcato di Qreporio XIII. net 1572 

 fino a' tempi di Papa Urbano VIII. nel 1642.' The editio princeps 

 was published at Rome in 1642, and, according to Orlandi, a second 

 appeared in 1649. 



BAOLI'ONI, an historical family of Perugia in Italy, which in the 

 middle ages produced many distinguished warriors, several of whom 

 exercised supreme power over their native town. Perugia was in those 

 tune* one of the most populous and important cities of central Italy, 

 and governed itself as a municipal community, under the nominal pro- 

 tection first of the emperors and afterwards of the popes. Like most 

 other Italian cities it was distracted by two parties, that of the nobles 

 and that of the people. The Baglioni belonged to the nobles. We 

 find in the 12th century Ludovico Baglioni appointed Imperial Vicar 

 of Perugia by the emperor Frederic I. (Barbarossa), who in his diploma 

 styles him bis relative, a* being descended, like himself, from the ducal 

 house of Suabia. After the fall of the Suabian dynasty the nobles and 

 the popular party bad frequent conflicts with alternate success. In 

 the year 1393 a general outbreak took place, when Pandolfo and Pellino 

 Baglioni, with seventy other gentlemen, were killed in a fight in the 

 street*, and their adherent* being driven away, the popular party 

 remained in possession of the town until 1416, when Braccio Forte- 

 bracci, a* the head of the nobles, re-entered the town by force, and was 

 proclaimed Lord of Perugia. Malatesta Baglioui, son of Pandolfo, was 

 one of the foremost followers of Braccio, whose niece he married. One 

 of his sons, named Braccio Baglioni, was appointed general of the Holy 

 See by Pope Callixtus III. : he defeated Francesco Sforza near Lodi in 

 1468, was nude Lord of Spello by Sixtus IV., and died in 1474. His 

 brother Ridolfo left a son called Oian Paolo Baglioni, a condottiere, 

 or captain of an independent band of soldiers, who became conspicuous 

 in the Italian wars of the beginning of the 16th century. Availing 

 himself of the civil dimensions of his native town to obtain supreme 

 power over it, he formed an alliance with some neighbouring* rulers, 

 and with Cesare Borgia in his wars of the Romagna. But Baglioni 

 was toon glad to leave Perugia to Borgia, and to separate from that 

 unscrupulous chief. After a time he resumed his old profession of 

 condottiere, and in that capacity he served the Venetians for several 

 yean in the war of the League of Cambrai. He was taken prisoner 

 by the Spaniards in 1613, but being released he returned to Perugia, 

 where he resumed his former ascendancy. In 1520 Leo X., hearing 

 repeated complaint* of Baglioni's conduct, requested him to come to 

 Rome, under pretence of consulting with him about weighty itate 

 matters ; but on hi* arrival at Rome be was arrested, put to the tor- 

 ture, and speedily condemned and beheaded. Perugia was then taken 

 Tjnmiilon of by the pope. After Leo's death, Malatesta and Orazio 

 Baglioni, the cons of Oian Paolo, recovered possession of Perugia, 

 Malteta was saluted by the citizens as ' Pater Patriot,' and a medal 

 wa* (truck in honour of him. Orazio afterwards obtained the com- 



the bead of the government of Perugia till September 1629, when he was 

 obliged to surrender it to the papal and imperial allied arms. At the 

 MUM time the Florentine* chose him to be their captain-general againit 

 the (am* enemies; but Baglioui, either through incapacity, or treachery, 

 or both, failed to defend Florence a* ho might, and in August 1630 was 

 dumueed from hi* command. He refused however to give it up, and 

 even turned the gun* of one of the rampart* against the city. Florence, 

 worn out by famine and disease, was obliged to capitulate and submit 

 to the rule of the Medici Baglioni returned to Perugia, where ho 

 died in December 1631. He left a son, Ridolfo, who became general 

 of the troop* of Cosmo I., grand duke of Tuscany. 



Oentile Baglioni, grandson of Braccio above mentioned, was made 

 Bishop of Orvieto in 1605, but afterward*, in consequence of his three 

 brothers dying without legitimate issue, he renounced bis dignity, 

 married Oiulia ViteUi, and wa* for a time governor of Perugia fur the 

 pop*. He wa* driven away by hi* relative Orazio Baglioni, who 

 caused him to bo put to death in 1527, with two of hi* nephews. 

 The various branches of the Baglioni family were in constant minify 

 against one another. Oentile left two inf.nt sons : one, Adrian, served 

 in the i-apal troop*, and died in 1674 ; the other, Astorre Baglioni, is 

 better known in history for hi* military reputation and hi* tragical 



end. Astorre was brought up under the core of his nncle Alessaudro 

 ViteUi, a distinguished general of his sge, whom he followed to the 

 Hungarian wars ngaiust the Turks. He afterward* served Charles V., 

 and lie rose high in the favour of Pope Paul III., who restored to him 

 hi* paternal estates. The republic of Venice intrusted him with 

 several important situations, and being governor of Famagosta in the 

 iiland of Cyprus when the Turks besieged the place in 1570, he wa* 

 after a long and brave defence obliged to capitulate, in August 

 1571, on condition of being sent to Venice with his garrison. lint 

 Mustapha Pasha, disregarding the capitulation, caused Baglioni and the 

 other Venetian officers to be beheaded, except Bragadino, who was 

 flayed alive. 



(Crispolti, Perugia Augutta ; Sansovino, Delia Origine e del Falti 

 ddle Fami'jlie llluttri <f Italia ; Vermiglioli, Vita e Imprete MUilari 

 di Malatetta Baglioni, Perugia, 1839 ; Fubretti, Biograft dei (,'ajntnni 

 Venturieri deli' Umbria, Montepulciano, 1840.) 



BAGLI'VI, G GORGE, a distinguished Italian physician, was born 

 at Ragusa in September 1669. He prosecuted his studies at the 

 universities of Salerno, Padua, and Bologna, and then- visited almost 

 all the hospitals of Italy, Dalmatia, &c. He settled at Rome in 1692, 

 where he had the advantage of the instruction and friendship of the 

 famous Malpighi. Soon afterwards, although yet very young, he was 

 appointed by Pope Clement XI. to be professor of anatomy at the 

 college of La Sapienza, called the Roman Arcliilyceum. 



In the address prefixed to his ' Specimen Quatuor Libronim de 

 Fibra motrice,' Baglivi states that after the perusal of many work", he 

 at last confined his attention to the writings of Hippocrates, which he 

 learnt almost by heart ; and in his practice endeavoured to limit liia 

 attention to a careful observation of the phenomena of disease, and to 

 found his rules of treatment upon sound principles, dismissing the 

 theories which then held the medical profession in a state of slavish 

 subjection to the authority of names. Such was his independence of 

 mind, that, notwithstanding his respect for Hippocrates, he differed 

 from him and all previous writers in discarding the doctrines of the 

 humoral pathology, or that theory which ascribed all diseases to some 

 altered state of the fluids of the body. He, on the other hand, not 

 only from his own observation and reflection, but from learning the 

 mode of treating diseases in India and other parts of the East, the 

 success of which was entirely owing to an action on the solids 

 primarily, maintained that the solids were, in most oases, first affected, 

 and the fluids, when affected at aU, only secondarily. These opinions 

 he published in 1696, and strengthened them by further observations 

 and experience, which he made known in successive editions of his 

 work, of which six appeared before 1704. It must be allowed tlmt 

 the ancient doctrine had been impugned in various works published 

 in England by Willis and by Qlisson, and in France by Vieussen, not 

 long before Baglivi's time, but Baglivi brought to the consideration of 

 the subject more extended views, and more accurate principles. These 

 are detailed chiefly in his 'Specimen Quatuor Librorum de Fibra 

 motrice.' Valuable and just as are many observations and conclusions 

 in this treatise, he greatly erred in ascribing (lib. i., cap. v.) the con- 

 tractions and relaxations of the muscular fibres to certain imaginary 

 contractions and dilatations of the fibres of the dura mater. 



His opinion, that the fluids are affected secondarily in consequence 

 of a previous affection of the solids, has been gradually gaining ground 

 since the time it was first promulgated. It received important addi- 

 tions from Hoffmann, in Germany (Hoffmann's 'Mediciua Rationalis 

 Systematical vol. Hi., a. i., chap, iv.), and Cullen in England (' First 

 Lines of the Practice of Physic,' Preface, et passim). Still the most 

 candid pathologiits of the present time admit that in a few cases, 

 perhaps, the fluids are primarily affected, yet the opposite doctrine 

 may be considered as the current hypothesis of the present day, and 

 Baglivi the father of the modern system of solidism. 



BagliTi died at Rome in 1706, at the early age of 38, worn out by 

 his arduous exertions. The first complete edition of his works is 

 that of Lyon, 1704, entitled 'Opera omnia Medico-practica et Anato- 

 mica,' 4 to, which has been several times reprinted. Baglivi was a 

 Fellow of the Royal Society of London. 



BAILLIK, ROBERT, was bom in Glasgow, April SO, 1602. He 

 waa the son of Thomas Baillie, a citizen of Glasgow, and was educated 

 fint at the grammar-school and afterwards at the University of 

 Glasgow, at which he was entered a student in March 1617. He 

 took his degree of M.A. in 1620; probably in 1623 or 1624 he entered 

 into holy orders; in August 1625 he was admitted to the office of one 

 of the masters or regent* (as the professors were then styled) of the 

 college; and this situation he held till the year 1631, when he was 

 presented by the Earl of Eglinton to the parish church of Kiln-inning 

 in Ayrshire. At this time Baillie's sentiments on the subject of church 

 government were extremely moderate ; his ordination had been epis- 

 copal, and he was attached on principle, as well as by education and 

 habit, to that form of polity, which was indeed at this time the 

 established eccle*iat!cal system in Scotland. But when Charles I. 

 made his attempt in 1636 and 1637 to impose the new service-book 

 and canons upon the Scottish church, Baillie was induced to attend a 

 meeting of the Supplicants, a* the opponents of the obnoxious 

 measures called themielves, which wan held at Edinburgh on the ]Mh 

 of October, 1637; and this proved the turning point of his life. HIM 

 opposition to the new service-book wa* more on account of its doctrines 



