021 



BARANTE, BARON DE. 



BARBAROSSA, HORUSH. 



E22 



of Boschaert. He came to England during the civil wars, and served 

 in Lambert's army, but after the Restoration returned to his original 

 profession, and was much employed by Sir Peter Lely, in painting his 

 draperies and back-grounds. He worked occasionally also for Kneller 

 and Riley. He was not without original talent, and made designs for 

 tapestries which evince considerable skill in drawing. There is a 

 portrait of Charles II. in St. Bartholomew's Hospital by this artist. 

 He died in 1691. 



* BARANTE, AMABLE-GUILLAUME-PROSPER, BARON DE 

 BRUGIEItE.is the son of Claude Ignace, Baron Brugifcre, a barrister and 

 prefect of Vaud and of Geneva. Amable was born at Kiom , in the depart- 

 ment of Puy-de-D6me, on June 7, 1782. He commenced his studies in 

 the military school at Effiat. On its being closed by the revolutionary 

 administration, his father instructed him in classics, and in 1798 he 

 was placed in the Polytechnic school at Paris. Here he continued 

 two years, and in 1802 entered the civil service of his country ; placed 

 at first in a subordinate situation, he rose rapidly. In 1806 he was 

 appointed auditor to the council of state, and under this title was 

 entrusted with various missions to Spain, Poland, and Germany. In 

 1808 he wag made prefect of Vienne ; in 1813 prefect of Nantes ; but 

 after the 20th of March 1815, he sent in his resignation. On the 

 return of Louis, after the Hundred Days of Napoleon, he was appointed 

 councillor of state, and secretary of the home department. In the 

 same year he was chosen deputy for the departments of Puy-de-D6me 

 and Loire Inftfrieure. In 1819 he was nominated a peer of France, 

 and in the following year he was offered the office of ambassador to 

 Denmark, which he did not accept ; exercising indeed no other poli- 

 tic-nl functions than those of a peer of France until 1830. After the 

 revolution of July, he resided as ambassador at the court of Sardinia, 

 and in 1835 removed in the same capacity to the court of Russia. 

 Wiii'-e the revolution of February 1848, he has retired wholly from 

 public life, and resides in Auvergue. 



Whatever time M. de Barante has been able to abstract from his 

 public functions, has been sedulously devoted to literary pursuits. In 

 1803 he published anonymously the ' Tableau do la LitteYature 

 Franchise au dix-huitieme Siecle,' a work which passed through several 

 editions ; and which, brief as it is, is a masterly review of the literary 

 spirit of that period. In 1821 he issued a translation of the works 

 of Schiller ; and in the translation of Shakspere, published by M. 

 Guizot, that of ' Hamlet' was furnished by M. Barante. From 1824 

 to 1828 he published successively his most important work, in twelve 

 volumes, the ' Histoire des Dues de Bourgogne,' valuable alike for its 

 accuracy, its impartiality, the laborious research displayed in it, and 

 the lucidity of its style. These qualities have placed him in the first 

 rank of modern French historians. In 1850 he issued a volume 

 entitled ' Questions Constitutionnelles ; ' and since that ' Histoire de 

 la Convention Rationale,' in six volumes. M. de Barante was elected 

 a member of the French Academy in 1828, and has written notices of 

 Count Mollien and of Count A. St. Priest. 

 (NouvelU Biographic Univenelle.) 



UAKATIK'K, JOHN PHILIP, born in January 1721, at Schwabach, 

 in the Margraviate of Anabach, was the son of Francis Baratier, 

 pastor of the French Protestant Church of Schwabacb. His father, 

 who was a man of much information, devoted all his leisure time to 

 his son's education. At four years of age the child spoke Latin with 

 his father, French with his mother, and German with the bouse 

 servant. Between four and five years of age he began to study Greek, 

 and in fifteen months was able to read the Scriptures in that language, 

 and to translate them into Latin. Towards the end of his sixth year 

 he began Hebrew, in the study of which he spent three years. He 

 then plunged into Rabbinical literature, and read with great avidity 

 the books of the Cabbalists, Talmudists, commentators, &c. At nine 

 years of age he made a dictionary of the most difficult Hebrew and 

 Chaldaio words. He next undertook the translation of the travels of 

 Benjamin of Tudela, a Hebrew writer of the 12th century. Two 

 L;itiu translations of this work, one by Arias Montanus and the other 

 by Constantin Lempereur, Leyden, 1633, were found to be incorrect. 

 Baratier wrote his in French, adding to it copious notes, and eight 

 dissertations at the end, upon subjects of a singular nature to be 

 treated of by a child eleven years old. He finished his work in about 

 ix months in 1732, but it was not published till 1734, in two vols. 

 >mall 8vo, Amsterdam. After this Baratier turned his attention to 

 theological studies, and especially to the Greek Fathers and the early 

 Councils. After some time he undertook to refute Samuel Crellius, 

 a celebrated Unitarian divine, who had written a book styled Arte- 

 monius. The title of Baratier"s reply will show the subject of the 

 controversy: 'Anti-Artemonius, seu Initium Evangelii S. Johannis 

 Aj.o.ttoH ex Antiquitate Ecclesiastic* Adver*us L. M. Artemonii, Neo- 

 I'hotiniani, Criticam Vindicatuin atque Illustratum ; cui in Fine 

 accedit Dissertatio de DmlogU tribus, vulgo Tucodoreto tributis.' 

 Nuremberg, 1735. Frederic William, king of Prussia, having 

 appointed Uar.itier's father to the French Protestant church at Stettin, 

 the family left Schwabach in the beginning of 1 735. In passing through 

 Halle, young Baratier, whose fame had long before reached that uni 

 vereity, wa made Master of Arts, after undergoing an examination 

 and sustaining a public disputation. On his arrival at Berlin the king 

 ent for him, and was delighted with his conversation. The Royai 

 Society of Sciences at Berlin named Baratier ono of its members. 



The king urged upon both father and son the propriety of the latter 

 applying himself to some regular profession, and he suggested that of 

 ,he law, for which purpose the family returned to Halle in April 1735. 

 during the next four years Baratier attended the courses of the four 

 aw professors of civil, canon, public, and feudal law. He followed 

 iis legal studies without any particular inclination for them, with the 

 exception of public law, in which he seemed to take an interest. He 

 at the same time found leisure to pursue his more favourite studies. 

 He had begun a ' History of the Heresies of the Anti-Trinitarians,' 

 which he left in manuscript. Several dissertations also on various 

 subjects of philology, history, and antiquities, were inserted in the 

 ' Bibliotheque Germanique.' The List work he published was on the 

 succession of the early bishops of Rome : ' Disquisitio Chronologica 

 de Successione antiquissima Episcoporum Romanorum, inde a Petro 

 usque ad Victorem." 4to. Utrecht, 1740. This was the beginning of 

 a great work which he designed on the history of the first centuries 

 of the church. He also began a ' History of the Thirty Years' War." 



Baratier's chest was naturally weak : a cold which he took brought 

 on au obstinate cough, and in October 1739, he spat blood. In Sep- 

 tember 1740, he became much worse ; his weakness was extreme, and 

 he could no longer read, which was to him the greatest privation. On 

 the 5th of October he expired in his arm-chair, at the age of nineteen 

 years and eight months. The life of this extraordinary boy was 

 written by Mr. Formey, from the materials furnished by his father, 

 12mo, Halle, 1741, and a second edition was published at Frankfurt 

 and Leipzig in 1755. At the end is a long catalogue of the numerous 

 works which he left in manuscript, mostly unfinished. 



BARBARO'SSA, HORUSH, was born in the island of Metelin 

 (Mytilene), about the year 1474, of Christian parents. His father, who 

 followed the trade of a potter, had a family of three sons and four 

 daughters. The eldest son, when twenty years of age, went on board 

 a Turkish privateer, embracing, at the same time, the Mohammedan 

 faith, where he assumed the Turkish name of Horush. Having served 

 for several years, during which he distinguished himself by his bravery 

 and intelligence, he was appointed commander of a galliot, fitted out 

 for the purpose of cruising in the Archipelago against the merchant- 

 vessels of nations at war with the Porte. After he came out of the 

 Dardanelles, he persuaded the crew that they would have a better 

 chance and be more at liberty, if, instead of cruising in the Archi- 

 pelago under the eyes of the Sultan's officers, they took their station 

 off the coast of Africa. Having met another Turkish galliot, he 

 induced the master and crew to cruise in company with him and 

 under his direction. Arriving at Goletta, the harbour of Tunis, in 

 1504, he was well received by the reigning Bey, Muley Mohammed, 

 who was under apprehensions from the power of Spain. Horush 

 having sailed in his own galliot for the coast of Italy, fell in, off the 

 island of Elba, with two large papal galleys richly laden, and bound 

 from Genoa to Civitavecchia, which he captured without resistance, 

 and returned to the coast of Tunis with his two prizes. 



Barbarossa's fame now rose high along the coasts of the Mediterra- 

 nean, and many Turkish and Moorish adventurers applied to serve 

 under him. In the following year he surprised and took a large 

 Spanish ship with money and soldiers on board. The fort of Goletta 

 was his head-quarters ; there he disposed of his prizes, paying a tithe 

 to the Bey of Tunis. Having built several more galliots, he assembled 

 a squadron of eight good ships, two of which were commanded by hia 

 brothers. He was successful in his cruises, and in the course of a few 

 years he grew enormously rich. The Christian sailors, whose terror 

 he had become, gave him the name of Barbarossa. from the colour of 

 his beard, which was red ; or, as others say, from Baba (father) Horush, 

 as he was called by his own sailors. In 1510 the Bey of Tunis gave 

 him the government of the island of Jerbi, which had been attacked 

 shortly before by a Spanish expedition, though without success ; and 

 he accordingly made Jerbi his head-quarters. In 1512, when his 

 squadron consisted of twelve sail, he received a message from the 

 Moorish king of Bujeiah, near Algiers, who had been dispossessed of 

 his town by the Spaniards, and had taken refuge in the mountains. 

 Horush having mustered 1000 well-armed Turks, sailed for Bujeiah, 

 landed near the place, and being joined by a body of natives, attacked 

 the town ; but was repulsed, after having had his left arm carried off 

 by a cannon-ball. On his way homeward he seized a Genoese vessel 

 richly laden, which so incensed the senate of Genoa that they sent 

 Andrea Doria with a squadron to attack Goletta, where Horush's 

 galleys were lying under the command of his brother Hadher, after- 

 wards famous under the name of Khair Eddiu. Doria having landed 

 some troops, attacked Goletta by sea and by land, and obliged Hadher 

 to fly, after having sunk six of his galleys : Dorin carried away the 

 rest. The two brothers however soon refitted a squadron, and in 1513 

 Horush made a second attack on Bujeiiih, but was again repulsed ; ho 

 then repaired to the harbour of Jijil, in that vicinity, where he found 

 means so to ingratiate himself with the inhabitants, that they pro- 

 claimed him their sovereign. It had been long the object of Horush's 

 ambition to obtain an independent sovereignty on the northern coast 

 of Africa. The Spaniards at that time possessed the little island of 

 Algesiras in front of Algiers, greatly interrupted its trade, and levied 

 a tribute. The Algerines called to their assistance an Arab Sheik from 

 the interior, who in his turn applied to Horush for assistance. Horush 

 after some minor successes attended to the Sheik Selim's invitation, 



